Ukunyangwa kokushisa kubhekisela kwinkqubo yokushisa yensimbi apho izinto zifudumala, zibanjwe kwaye zipholile ngokufudumeza kwindawo eqinile ukuze kufumaneke umbutho ofunekayo kunye nezakhiwo.
I. Unyango lobushushu
I-1, i-Normalizing: intsimbi okanye iziqwenga zetsimbi ezifudumalayo kwindawo ebalulekileyo ye-AC3 okanye i-ACM ngaphezu kweqondo lokushisa elifanelekileyo ukugcina ixesha elithile emva kokupholisa emoyeni, ukufumana uhlobo lwe-pearlitic yombutho wenkqubo yonyango lokushisa.
2, Annealing: workpiece steel eutectic ifudunyezwe AC3 ngaphezu degrees 20-40, emva kokuba ebambe ixesha elithile, kunye eziko waphola kancinane (okanye wangcwatywa esantini okanye ukupholisa ikalika) ukuya degrees 500 ngaphantsi kokupholisa emoyeni inkqubo unyango ubushushu.
I-3, Unyango oluqinileyo lwesisombululo sobushushu: i-alloy ifudunyezwe kwindawo ephezulu yobushushu besigaba esisodwa sokushisa rhoqo ukugcina, ukuze isigaba esigqithisileyo sinyibilike ngokupheleleyo kwisisombululo esiluqilima, kwaye sipholile ngokukhawuleza ukufumana inkqubo yonyango yobushushu obuqinileyo.
I-4, ukuguga: Emva konyango oluluqilima lwesisombululo sobushushu okanye ukuguqulwa kweplastiki ebandayo ye-alloy, xa ibekwe kwindawo yokushisa okanye igcinwe kubushushu obuphezulu kunobushushu begumbi, isiganeko seempawu zayo eziguqukayo kunye nexesha.
I-5, unyango lwesisombululo esiluqilima: ukwenzela ukuba i-alloy kwizigaba ezahlukeneyo ichithwe ngokupheleleyo, yomeleza isisombululo esiqinileyo kunye nokuphucula ukuqina kunye nokumelana nokubola, ukuphelisa uxinzelelo kunye nokuthambisa, ukuze uqhubeke nokubumba.
I-6, unyango lokuguga: ukufudumeza kunye nokubamba ubushushu bemvula yesigaba sokuqinisa, ukwenzela ukuba imvula yenqanaba lokuqinisa imvula, iqiniswe, iphucule amandla.
I-7, Ukucima: i-steel austenitization emva kokupholisa kwinqanaba lokupholisa elifanelekileyo, ukwenzela ukuba i-workpiece kwi-cross-section ye-cross-section yazo zonke okanye uluhlu oluthile lwesakhiwo esingazinzanga njengenguqu ye-martensite yenkqubo yonyango lokushisa.
I-8, i-Tempering: i-workpiece ecinyiweyo iya kutshiswa kwindawo ebalulekileyo ye-AC1 ngaphantsi kweqondo lokushisa elifanelekileyo kwithuba elithile lexesha, kwaye emva koko ipholile ngokuhambelana neemfuno zendlela, ukuze ufumane umbutho ofunekayo kunye neepropati zenkqubo yonyango lokushisa.
I-9, i-Steel carbonitriding: i-carbonitriding ikwinqanaba eliphezulu lensimbi ngexesha elifanayo lokungena kwekhabhoni kunye nenkqubo ye-nitrogen. I-carbonitriding yesiko ikwabizwa ngokuba yi-cyanide, igesi yegesi ye-carbonitriding yobushushu obuphakathi kunye nobushushu obuphantsi begesi ye-carbonitriding (okt igesi ye-nitrocarburizing) isetyenziswa kakhulu. Injongo ephambili yegesi yegesi ephakathi kwe-carbonitriding kukuphucula ukuqina, ukuxhatshazwa kokugqoka kunye namandla okukhathala kwentsimbi. I-carbonitriding yegesi ye-low-temperature ukuya kwi-nitriding-based based, injongo yayo ephambili kukuphucula ukuxhatshazwa kwentsimbi kunye nokuxhathisa ukuluma.
I-10, i-Tempering treatment (ukucima kunye nokufudumala): isiko eliqhelekileyo liya kucinywa kwaye lifakwe kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu ngokudibanisa nonyango lobushushu olwaziwa ngokuba ngunyango olushushu. Unyango olushushu lusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo ezibalulekileyo zesakhiwo, ngakumbi ezo zisebenza phantsi kwemithwalo ehambelanayo yokudibanisa iintonga, iibholiti, iigiya kunye neeshafts. Tempering emva unyango tempering ukufumana ubushushu umbutho sohnite, iimpawu zayo mechanical ngcono kunobulukhuni efanayo sohnite eqhelekileyo umbutho. Ukuqina kwayo kuxhomekeke kwiqondo lobushushu eliphakamileyo lobushushu kunye nokuzinza kwentsimbi kunye nobukhulu becandelo elinqamlezayo, ngokubanzi phakathi kweHB200-350.
I-11, i-Brazing: kunye ne-brazing material iya kuba ziindidi ezimbini zokufudumeza ukunyibilika okudityanisiweyo kunye nenkqubo yonyango lobushushu.
II.Tiimpawu zenkqubo
Ukunyangwa kobushushu besinyithi yenye yeenkqubo ezibalulekileyo kwimveliso yomatshini, xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iinkqubo zomatshini, unyango lobushushu ngokuqhelekileyo aluyitshintshi imilo yesixhobo sokusebenza kunye nokwakheka kweekhemikhali ngokubanzi, kodwa ngokuguqula i-microstructure yangaphakathi ye-workpiece, okanye ukuguqula ukubunjwa kweekhemikhali zomphezulu we-workpiece, ukunika okanye ukuphucula ukusetyenziswa kweendawo zokusebenza. Ibonakaliswa ngokuphucuka komgangatho wangaphakathi we-workpiece, ngokuqhelekileyo ingabonakali ngeso lenyama. Ukuze wenze i-workpiece yentsimbi kunye nezixhobo ezifunekayo zomatshini, iipropati ezibonakalayo kunye neekhemikhali, ngaphezu kokukhethwa okufanelekileyo kwezinto kunye nenkqubo yokubumba, inkqubo yonyango lokushisa idla ngokuyimfuneko. Insimbi iyona nto isetyenziswa kakhulu kwi-industry mechanical, i-steel microstructure complex, inokulawulwa ngonyango lokushisa, ngoko ke unyango olushushu lwentsimbi lunomxholo oyintloko wokunyanga ukushisa kwetsimbi. Ukongeza, i-aluminiyam, ubhedu, i-magnesium, i-titanium kunye nezinye i-alloys nazo zingaba unyango lobushushu ukuze utshintshe iimpawu zayo zomatshini, zomzimba kunye neekhemikhali, ukuze ufumane ukusebenza okwahlukileyo.
III.Tuyaqhuba
Inkqubo yokunyanga ukushisa ngokubanzi ibandakanya ukufudumeza, ukubamba, ukupholisa iinkqubo ezintathu, ngamanye amaxesha kuphela ukufudumeza kunye nokupholisa iinkqubo ezimbini. Ezi nkqubo zixhunyiwe omnye komnye, azikwazi ukuphazamiseka.
Ukufudumeza enye yeenkqubo ezibalulekileyo zonyango lobushushu. Ukunyangwa kokushisa kwensimbi yeendlela ezininzi zokufudumeza, eyona nto iphambili kukusetyenziswa kwamalahle kunye namalahle njengomthombo wokushisa, ukusetyenziswa kwangoku kwamafutha kunye negesi yegesi. Ukusetyenziswa kombane kwenza ukufudumeza kube lula ukulawula, kwaye kungabikho ungcoliseko lokusingqongileyo. Ukusetyenziswa kwale mithombo yobushushu inokufudumeza ngokuthe ngqo, kodwa nangetyuwa etyhidiweyo okanye isinyithi, ukuya kumasuntswana adadayo ukwenzela ukufudumeza ngokuthe ngqo.
Ukufudumeza kwesinyithi, i-workpiece ibonakaliswe emoyeni, i-oxidation, i-decarburization iyenzeka rhoqo (oko kukuthi, umxholo wekhabhoni ongaphezulu weendawo zetsimbi zokunciphisa), ezinempembelelo embi kakhulu kwiipropati zomphezulu weendawo eziphathwe ukushisa. Ngoko ke, isinyithi kufuneka ngokuqhelekileyo sibe kwindawo elawulwayo okanye umoya okhuselayo, ityuwa etyhidiweyo kunye nokufudumala kwe-vacuum, kodwa kunye neengubo ezikhoyo okanye iindlela zokupakisha zokufudumeza okukhuselekileyo.
Ukufudumala kweqondo lokushisa ngenye yeeparameters zenkqubo ebalulekileyo yenkqubo yokushisa ukushisa, ukukhethwa kunye nokulawulwa kobushushu bokufudumala, kukuqinisekisa umgangatho wonyango lobushushu kwimiba ephambili. Ukufudumala kweqondo lokushisa kuyahluka kunye nezinto eziphathwayo zetsimbi kunye nenjongo yonyango lokushisa, kodwa ngokuqhelekileyo zifudumala ngaphezu kweqondo lokushisa lokutshintsha kwesigaba ukufumana umbutho ophezulu wokushisa. Ukongeza, ukuguqulwa kufuna ixesha elithile, ngoko xa umphezulu we-workpiece yesinyithi ukuphumeza ubushushu obufunekayo bokufudumala, kodwa kufuneka kugcinwe kulo bushushu kangangexesha elithile, ukuze amaqondo obushushu angaphakathi nangaphandle ahambelane, ukuze inguqu ye-microstructure iphelele, eyaziwa ngokuba lixesha lokubamba. Ukusetyenziswa kokufudumeza koxinano lwamandla aphezulu kunye nonyango lobushushu bomhlaba, izinga lokufudumeza likhawuleza kakhulu, akukho xesha lokubamba ngokubanzi, ngelixa unyango lobushushu bekhemikhali bexesha lokubamba luhlala lude.
Ukupholisa kwakhona linyathelo eliyimfuneko kwinkqubo yonyango lobushushu, iindlela zokupholisa ngenxa yeenkqubo ezahlukeneyo, ngokukodwa ukulawula izinga lokupholisa. Izinga lokupholisa jikelele lokupholisa lelona licothayo, ukuqheleka kwesantya sokupholisa kuyakhawuleza, ukucima isantya sokupholisa kukhawuleza. Kodwa kwakhona ngenxa yeentlobo ezahlukeneyo zetsimbi kwaye zineemfuno ezahlukeneyo, ezifana nentsimbi ekhuniweyo yomoya inokucinywa kunye nezinga lokupholisa elifanayo njengesiqhelo.
IV.Pukuhlelwa kwerosi
Inkqubo yonyango yobushushu besinyithi inokwahlulwa ngokulinganayo kunyango lonke lobushushu, unyango lobushushu bomphezulu kunye nonyango lobushushu bemichiza yeendidi ezintathu. Ngokwendlela yokufudumeza, ubushushu bokufudumeza kunye nendlela yokupholisa eyahlukileyo, udidi ngalunye lunokwahlula kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zokunyanga ubushushu. Isinyithi esifanayo sisebenzisa iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zokunyanga ukushisa, sinokufumana imibutho eyahlukeneyo, ngaloo ndlela ibe neepropati ezahlukeneyo. Intsimbi kunye nentsimbi yintsimbi esetyenziswa kakhulu kwishishini, kwaye i-microstructure yensimbi nayo inzima kakhulu, ngoko ke kukho iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokunyanga ubushushu bentsimbi.
Unyango lulonke lobushushu lufudumezelo lulonke lwe-workpiece, kwaye emva koko lupholile ngesantya esifanelekileyo, ukufumana umbutho wesinyithi ofunekayo, ukuze utshintshe iipropati zayo zoomatshini benkqubo yonyango lwesinyithi. Ubushushu lulonke unyango lwentsimbi ngokurhabaxa annealing, normalizing, ukucima kunye nokufutha iinkqubo ezine ezisisiseko.
Inkqubo ithetha:
I-Anealing yi-workpiece ifudunyezwa kwiqondo lokushisa elifanelekileyo, ngokuhambelana nezinto kunye nobukhulu be-workpiece usebenzisa ixesha elihlukeneyo lokubamba, kwaye emva koko lipholile ngokucothayo, injongo kukwenza umbutho wangaphakathi wesinyithi ukuphumeza okanye ukusondela kwimeko yokulinganisa, ukufumana inkqubo yokusebenza kakuhle kunye nokusebenza, okanye ukucima ngakumbi umbutho wokulungiselela.
I-normalizing yi-workpiece ifudunyezwa kwiqondo lokushisa elifanelekileyo emva kokupholisa emoyeni, isiphumo sokuqhelekileyo siyafana ne-annealing, kuphela ukufumana umbutho ocolileyo, odla ngokusetyenziselwa ukuphucula ukusebenza kokusika kwezinto, kodwa ngamanye amaxesha isetyenziselwa ezinye iindawo ezingabalulekanga kangako njengonyango lokugqibela lobushushu.
Ukucima i workpiece ishushu kwaye igqunywe, emanzini, ioli okanye ezinye iityuwa ezingaphiliyo, izisombululo organic aqueous kunye nezinye medium ukucima ukupholisa ngokukhawuleza. Emva kokucima, iinxalenye zetsimbi ziba nzima, kodwa kwangaxeshanye ziba buthathaka, ukuze kupheliswe ubuqhophololo ngexesha elifanelekileyo, ngokuqhelekileyo kuyimfuneko ukucaphuka ngexesha elifanelekileyo.
Ukuze kuncitshiswe i-brittleness yamalungu entsimbi, iinxalenye zentsimbi ezicinyiweyo kwiqondo lobushushu elifanelekileyo elingaphezulu kwegumbi lobushushu kwaye lingaphantsi kwama-650 ℃ ixesha elide lokugquma, emva koko lipholile, le nkqubo ibizwa ngokuba yi- tempering. I-Anealing, i-normalization, i-quenching, i-tempering yonyango lobushushu ngokubanzi "kwimililo emine", apho ukucinywa kunye nokufudumala kuhambelana ngokusondeleyo, ngokuqhelekileyo kusetyenziswe ngokubambisana, enye iyimfuneko. "Umlilo omine" kunye nobushushu bokufudumala kunye nemodi yokupholisa eyahlukileyo, kwaye iguqule inkqubo yonyango yokushisa eyahlukileyo. Ukuze ufumane iqondo elithile lamandla kunye nokuqina, ukucima kunye nokufudumala kwiqondo lokushisa eliphezulu kudibaniswa nenkqubo, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-temperature. Emva kokuba ii-alloys ezithile zicinyiwe zenza isisombululo esiqinileyo se-supersaturated, zigcinwa kwiqondo lobushushu begumbi okanye kwiqondo lobushushu eliphakamileyo kancinane ixesha elide ukuze kuphuculwe ubulukhuni, amandla, okanye imagnethi yombane yealloyi. Inkqubo enjalo yonyango lokushisa ibizwa ngokuba kunyango lokuguga.
Uxinzelelo processing deformation kunye nonyango ubushushu ngokufanelekileyo kwaye ngokusondeleyo zidityaniswe ukuphumeza, ukuze workpiece ukufumana amandla elungileyo kakhulu, ukuqina kunye indlela eyaziwa ngokuba deformation unyango ubushushu; kwindawo yoxinzelelo olubi okanye i-vacuum kunyango lobushushu olubizwa ngokuba yi-vacuum yonyango lobushushu, olungenakwenza kuphela i-workpiece ayifaki i-oxidize, musa i-decarburize, gcina umphezulu we-workpiece emva konyango, uphucule ukusebenza kwe-workpiece, kodwa nange-agent ye-osmotic yonyango lobushushu bekhemikhali.
Unyango lobushushu bomphezulu lufudumeza kuphela umaleko womphezulu we-workpiece ukuze utshintshe iimpawu zomatshini womgangatho wenkqubo yonyango lobushushu besinyithi. Ukuze ufudumeze kuphela umaleko womphezulu we-workpiece ngaphandle kokugqithisela ubushushu obugqithisileyo kwi-workpiece, ukusetyenziswa komthombo wobushushu kufuneka kube noxinano oluphezulu lwamandla, oko kukuthi, kwindawo yeyunithi yendawo yokusebenza ukunika amandla amakhulu obushushu, ukuze umaleko womphezulu we-workpiece okanye i-localized ibe yithuba elifutshane lexesha okanye ngoko nangoko ukufikelela kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu. Ukunyangwa kobushushu obuphezulu bezona ndlela ziphambili zokucima umlilo kunye nokufudumeza ukufudumeza unyango, ngokuqhelekileyo kusetyenziswe imithombo yokushisa efana ne-oxyacetylene okanye i-oxypropane flame, i-induction current, i-laser kunye ne-electron beam.
Ukunyangwa kobushushu beMichiza yinkqubo yokunyanga ubushushu besinyithi ngokuguqula ukubunjwa kweekhemikhali, ukulungelelaniswa kunye neepropathi zomgangatho ongaphezulu we-workpiece. Unyango lobushushu beMichiza luhluke kunyango lobushushu bomphezulu kuba yangaphambili itshintsha ukwakheka kweekhemikhali zomaleko womphezulu we-workpiece. Unyango ubushushu Chemical ibekwe phezu workpiece equlathe carbon, eendaba ityuwa okanye ezinye izinto ingxubevange medium (irhasi, ulwelo, eqinileyo) kwindawo zokufudumeza, ukugquma ixesha elide, ukuze umaleko umphezulu workpiece ukungena carbon, nitrogen, boron kunye chromium kunye nezinye izinto. Emva kokungeniswa kwezinto, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha ezinye iinkqubo zonyango lobushushu ezifana nokucima kunye nokuvutha. Iindlela eziphambili zonyango lokushisa kweekhemikhali zi-carburizing, i-nitriding, ukungena kwesinyithi.
Ukunyangwa kobushushu ngenye yeenkqubo ezibalulekileyo kwinkqubo yokuvelisa amacandelo omatshini kunye nokubumba. Ngokubanzi, inokuqinisekisa kwaye iphucule iipropathi ezahlukeneyo zesixhobo sokusebenza, ezifana nokunganyangeki, ukuxhathisa ukubola. Kwakhona kunokuphucula umbutho wemeko engenanto kunye noxinzelelo, ukwenzela ukuba kube lula ukucwangciswa okuhlukahlukeneyo okubandayo kunye nokutshisa.
Umzekelo: intsimbi ekhasekileyo emhlophe emva kwexesha elide annealing unyango inokufumaneka ethambileyo cast intsimbi, ukuphucula iplastiki; iigiya ezinenkqubo echanekileyo yonyango lobushushu, ubomi benkonzo bunokuba ngaphezulu kokungeyiyo amaxesha egiya aphathwa ngubushushu okanye amaxesha amaninzi; ukongeza, intsimbi yekhabhoni engabiziyo ngokungeniswa kwezinto ezithile ezixutyiweyo zinexabiso elithile lentsimbi yokusebenza kwentsimbi, inokutshintsha enye intsimbi ekwaziyo ukumelana nobushushu, intsimbi engenasici; umngundo kwaye uyafa phantse zonke kufuneka ukuya kunyango ubushushu Inokusetyenziswa kuphela emva unyango ubushushu.
Iindlela ezongezelelweyo
I. Iintlobo ze-annealing
I-Anealing yinkqubo yonyango lobushushu apho i-workpiece ifudunyezwa kwiqondo lobushushu elifanelekileyo, ligcinwe ixesha elithile, kwaye lipholile ngokukhawuleza.
Kukho iintlobo ezininzi zenkqubo yokucoca insimbi, ngokweqondo lokushisa lokufudumala linokwahlulwa libe ngamacandelo amabini: enye ikwiqondo lokushisa elibalulekileyo (i-Ac1 okanye i-Ac3) ngaphezu kwe-annealing, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-phase change recrystallization annealing, kubandakanywa ukuhlanjululwa okupheleleyo, ukuthungatha okungagqibekanga, ukuxutywa kwe-spheroidal kunye ne-diffusion annealing (homogenization), njl. enye ingaphantsi kweqondo lobushushu elibalulekileyo le-annealing, kubandakanywa i-annealing recrystallization kunye ne-de-stressing annealing, njl.
1, i-annealing epheleleyo kunye ne-isothermal annealing
Ukuqhobosha okupheleleyo, okwakwaziwa ngokuba yi-recrystallization annealing, ngokuqhelekileyo ekubhekiselwa kuyo njenge-annealing, yintsimbi okanye intsimbi efudunyezwe kwi-Ac3 ngaphezulu kwe-20 ~ 30 ℃, ukugquma ixesha elide ngokwaneleyo ukwenza umbutho uqinisekiswe ngokupheleleyo emva kokupholisa okucothayo, ukuze kufunyanwe phantse ulungelelwaniso lolungelelwaniso lwenkqubo yonyango lobushushu. Le annealing isetyenziselwa ikakhulu ukwakhiwa kwe-sub-eutectic yeentsimbi ezahlukeneyo zekhabhoni kunye ne-alloy castings, i-forging kunye neeprofayili ezishushu, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha zisetyenziselwa izakhiwo ezidityanisiweyo. Ngokubanzi rhoqo njengenani elingenzima kakhulu kunyango lobushushu bokugqibela, okanye njengonyango lwangaphambi kobushushu kwezinye izixhobo zokusebenza.
2, ibhola annealing
I-Spheroidal annealing isetyenziswa ikakhulu kwi-over-eutectic carbon steel kunye ne-alloy tool steel (efana nokwenziwa kwezixhobo ezisemacaleni, iigeyiji, ukubumba kunye needies ezisetyenziswa kwintsimbi). Injongo yayo ephambili kukunciphisa ubunzima, ukuphucula ukunyanzeliswa, kunye nokulungiselela ukucima ixesha elizayo.
3, ukunciphisa uxinzelelo
Ukunciphisa ubushushu boxinzelelo, okwakwaziwa njengobushushu obuphantsi (okanye ubushushu bobushushu obuphezulu), oku kuphola kusetyenziswa ikakhulu ukuphelisa isakhelo, i-forging, i-welds, iindawo eziqengqelekayo ezishushu, iindawo ezitsalwa ngokubanda kunye nolunye uxinzelelo olushiyekileyo. Ukuba ezi zixinzelelo azipheli, ziya kubangela ukuba intsimbi emva kwexesha elithile, okanye kwinkqubo yokusika elandelayo ukuvelisa i-deformation okanye ukuqhekeka.
4. I-annealing engaphelelanga kukufudumeza intsimbi ukuya kwi-Ac1 ~ Ac3 (i-sub-eutectic steel) okanye i-Ac1 ~ ACcm (i-over-eutectic steel) phakathi kokugcinwa kobushushu kunye nokupholisa okucothayo ukufumana umbutho ophantse ulungelelene wenkqubo yokunyanga ubushushu.
II.ukucima, eyona ndlela iqhelekileyo yokupholisa isetyenziswa yibrine, amanzi kunye neoyile.
Ukucima amanzi etyuwa ye-workpiece, kulula ukufumana ubulukhuni obuphezulu kunye nomphezulu ogudileyo, akukho lula ukuvelisa ukucima hayi indawo ethambileyo enzima, kodwa kulula ukwenza i-workpiece deformation inzulu, kunye nokuqhekeka. Ukusetyenziswa kweoli njengendlela yokucima ifanelekile kuphela ukuzinza kwe-supercooled austenite inkulu kakhulu kwezinye intsimbi ye-alloy okanye ubungakanani obuncinci be-carbon steel workpiece quenching.
III.injongo yokuthambisa intsimbi
I-1, ukunciphisa i-brittleness, ukuphelisa okanye ukunciphisa uxinzelelo lwangaphakathi, ukucinywa kwensimbi kukho uxinzelelo olukhulu lwangaphakathi kunye nokunyanzeliswa, njengokungahambi ngexesha elifanelekileyo kuya kudla ukwenza i-deformation yensimbi okanye i-crack.
I-2, ukufumana iipropati ezifunekayo zomatshini we-workpiece, i-workpiece emva kokucima ubulukhuni obuphezulu kunye nokuqina, ukuze uhlangabezane neemfuno zeempawu ezahlukeneyo zezinto zokusebenza, unokuhlengahlengisa ubulukhuni ngokusebenzisa ukufudumala okufanelekileyo ukunciphisa ukunyanzeliswa kobunzima obufunekayo, iplastiki.
3, Zinzisa ubungakanani bomsebenzi
I-4, kuba i-annealing inzima ukuthambisa i-alloy steels ezithile, ekucimeni (okanye ukulinganisa) kudla ngokusetyenziswa emva kokushisa okuphezulu, ukwenzela ukuba i-carbide yensimbi idibanise ngokufanelekileyo, ukuqina kuya kuncitshiswa, ukwenzela ukuba kube lula ukusika kunye nokusebenza.
Iikhonsepthi ezongezelelweyo
1, i-annealing: ibhekisa kwizinto zetsimbi ezifudunyezwe kubushushu obufanelekileyo, zigcinwe ixesha elithile, kwaye emva koko zipholile ngokucothayo inkqubo yonyango lobushushu. Iinkqubo eziqhelekileyo ze-annealing zezi: i-recrystallization annealing, i-stress annealing annealing, i-spheroidal annealing, i-annealing epheleleyo, njl .. Injongo yokucoca i-annealing: ubukhulu becala ukunciphisa ubunzima bezinto zetsimbi, ukuphucula iplastiki, ukwenzela ukuba kube lula ukusika okanye ukuxinzelela uxinzelelo, ukunciphisa uxinzelelo olushiyekileyo, ukuphucula intlangano kunye nokuqulunqwa kwe-homogen ukufudumala ukulungelelaniswa kwe-homogen.
I-2, i-normalizing: ibhekisela kwintsimbi okanye intsimbi eshushu okanye (intsimbi kwindawo ebalulekileyo yobushushu) ngaphezulu, i-30 ~ 50 ℃ ukugcina ixesha elifanelekileyo, ukupholisa kwinkqubo yonyango lobushushu bomoya. Injongo ye-normalizing: ngokukodwa ukuphucula iimpawu zomatshini zentsimbi ephantsi yekhabhoni, ukuphucula ukusika kunye nokunyathela, ukulungiswa kwengqolowa, ukuphelisa iziphene zombutho, ukwenzela ukuba unyango lobushushu lokugqibela lulungiselele umbutho.
I-3, ukucima: ibhekisela kwintsimbi eshushu kwi-Ac3 okanye i-Ac1 (intsimbi ephantsi kwendawo ebalulekileyo yokushisa) ngaphezu kweqondo lokushisa elithile, gcina ixesha elithile, kwaye emva koko kwizinga lokupholisa elifanelekileyo, ukufumana i-martensite (okanye i-bainite) intlangano yenkqubo yonyango lokushisa. Iinkqubo eziqhelekileyo zokucima ukucinywa kwe-single-medium quenching, i-double-medium quenching, i-martensite quenching, i-bainite isothermal quenching, ukucima umphezulu kunye nokucima kwendawo. Injongo yokucima: ukwenzela ukuba iinxalenye zentsimbi zokufumana umbutho ofunekayo we-martensitic, uphucule ubulukhuni be-workpiece, amandla kunye nokumelana ne-abrasion, ukwenzela ukuba unyango lobushushu lokugqibela lulungiselele kakuhle umbutho.
I-4, i-teering: ibhekisela kwintsimbi eqinile, emva koko ifudunyezwe kwiqondo lokushisa elingaphantsi kwe-Ac1, ixesha lokubamba, kwaye lipholiswe kwinkqubo yonyango lobushushu begumbi. Iinkqubo zobushushu eziqhelekileyo zezi: ubushushu obuphantsi, ubushushu obuphakathi, ubushushu obuphezulu kunye nobushushu obuninzi.
Injongo yokufudumala: ngokukodwa ukuphelisa uxinzelelo oluveliswa yintsimbi ekucimeni, ukwenzela ukuba intsimbi ibe nobunzima obuphezulu kunye nokumelana nokugqoka, kwaye ibe neplastiki efunekayo kunye nokuqina.
I-5, i-teering: ibhekisela kwintsimbi okanye intsimbi yokucima kunye nobushushu obuphezulu benkqubo yonyango yokushisa edibeneyo. Isetyenziswa kunyango lobushushu bentsimbi ebizwa ngokuba yi- tempered steel. Ngokubanzi ibhekisa kwintsimbi ephakathi kwekhabhoni yolwakhiwo kunye nentsimbi ephakathi kwekhabhoni yealloy.
I-6, i-carburizing: i-carburizing yinkqubo yokwenza iiathom zekhabhoni zingene kumaleko angaphezulu entsimbi. Kwakhona ukwenza i-workpiece yentsimbi ephantsi yekhabhoni inomaleko ongaphezulu wentsimbi ephezulu yekhabhoni, kwaye emva kokucima kunye nokushisa okuphantsi kobushushu, ukwenzela ukuba umaleko womphezulu we-workpiece unobulukhuni obuphezulu kunye nokumelana nokunxiba, ngelixa indawo ephakathi kwendawo yokusebenza igcina ukuqina kunye neplastiki yentsimbi yekhabhoni ephantsi.
Indlela yokufunxa
Kuba ukufudumeza kunye nokupholisa imisebenzi yentsimbi ifuna ishumi elinesibini okanye namashumi ezenzo ukugqiba. Ezi zenzo zenziwa ngaphakathi kwi-vacuum yokucoca ubushushu bomlilo, umqhubi akakwazi ukusondela, ngoko ke iqondo lokuzenzekelayo kwesithando somlilo sokushisa kufuneka sibe phezulu. Ngelo xesha, ezinye izenzo, ezifana nokufudumeza kunye nokubamba isiphelo senkqubo yokucima i-metalwork workpiece iya kuba ezintandathu, izenzo ezisixhenxe kwaye zigqitywe kwimizuzwana eyi-15. Iimeko ezinzima ngolo hlobo ukugqiba izenzo ezininzi, kulula ukubangela uloyiko lomqhubi kwaye zenze ukungahambi kakuhle. Ngoko ke, kuphela iqondo eliphezulu lokuzenzekelayo linokuchaneka, ukulungelelaniswa kwangexesha ngokuhambelana neprogram.
Ukunyangwa kobushushu be-vacuum yeendawo zetsimbi kuqhutyelwa kwisithando somlilo esivaliweyo, ukutywinwa okungqongqo kwe-vacuum kuyaziwa. Ke ngoko, ukufumana kunye nokuthobela inqanaba lokuvuza komoya lokuqala eziko, ukuqinisekisa ukuba i-vacuum esebenzayo yesithando somlilo, ukuqinisekisa umgangatho weendawo zokunyanga ubushushu be-vacuum kunokubaluleka okukhulu kakhulu. Ke umba ophambili wesithando somlilo esifunxayo kukuba ube nesakhiwo esithembekileyo sokutywinwa kwevacuum. Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza vacuum eziko vacuum, vacuum unyango ubushushu isakhiwo uyilo lwesakhiwo kufuneka ulandele umgaqo osisiseko, oko kukuthi, umzimba eziko ukusebenzisa ukuwelda igesi-tight, lo gama umzimba eziko kangangoko kunokwenzeka ukuvula okanye ukuvula umngxuma, ngaphantsi okanye ukuphepha ukusetyenziswa kwesakhiwo sokutywina esiguqukayo, ukuze kuncitshiswe ithuba lokuvuza. Ifakwe kumalungu omzimba wesithando somlilo, izincedisi, ezifana ne-electrode epholileyo ngamanzi, isixhobo sokuthumela ngaphandle kwe-thermocouple kufuneka siyilwe ukutywina isakhiwo.
Uninzi lwezinto zokufudumeza kunye ne-insulation zingasetyenziswa kuphela phantsi kwe-vacuum. Vacuum unyango ubushushu eziko zokufudumeza kunye thermal ukwahlukanisa lining ikwivacuum kunye nobushushu eliphezulu umsebenzi, ngoko ke ezi zinto zibeka phambili ukumelana lobushushu eliphezulu, iziphumo radiation, conductivity thermal kunye nezinye iimfuno. Iimfuno zokumelana ne-oxidation aziphezulu. Ke ngoko, i-vacuum yokucoca ubushushu bomlilo isetyenziswa ngokubanzi i-tantalum, i-tungsten, i-molybdenum kunye negraphite yokufudumeza kunye nezixhobo zokufakelwa kwe-thermal. Ezi zixhobo zilula kakhulu kwi-oxidize kwimeko ye-atmospheric, ngoko ke, isithando somlilo esiqhelekileyo sokushisa asikwazi ukusebenzisa ezi zinto zokufudumeza kunye ne-insulation.
Isixhobo sokupholisa amanzi: i-vacuum yokucoca ubushushu begobolondo lesithando somlilo, isigqubuthelo somlilo, izinto zokufudumeza zombane, ii-electrode ezipholileyo ngamanzi, umnyango we-vacuum ophakathi kunye nezinye izinto, zikwi-vacuum, phantsi komsebenzi wokushisa. Ukusebenza phantsi kweemeko ezinjalo ezingathandekiyo kakhulu, kufuneka kuqinisekiswe ukuba isakhiwo secandelo ngalinye asikho okanye sonakaliswe, kwaye i-vacuum seal ayitshisi okanye itshiswe. Ngoko ke, icandelo ngalinye kufuneka limiselwe ngokweemeko ezahlukeneyo izixhobo zokupholisa amanzi ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba isithando somlilo sokucoca ubushushu singasebenza ngokuqhelekileyo kwaye sibe nobomi obaneleyo bokusetyenziswa.
Ukusetyenziswa kwe-low-voltage ephezulu-yangoku: isikhongozeli sevacuum, xa idigri ye-vacuum vacuum yoluhlu lwe-torr lwe-lxlo-1, isikhongozelo se-vacuum somqhubi onamandla kwi-voltage ephezulu, siya kuvelisa into yokukhutshwa okukhanyayo. Kwi-vacuum yokucoca ubushushu, ukukhutshwa okukhulu kwe-arc kuya kutshisa into yokufudumeza umbane, umaleko we-insulation, obangela iingozi ezinkulu kunye nelahleko. Ke ngoko, ivacuum yokucoca ubushushu kwiziko lokufudumeza kombane into esebenzayo yombane ayibikho ngaphezulu kwe-80 a 100 volts. Kwangaxeshanye kuyilo lombane lolwakhiwo lokufudumeza lombane ukuthatha amanyathelo asebenzayo, njengokuzama ukuphepha ukuba nencam yeendawo, isithuba se-electrode phakathi kwee-electrode asinakuba sincinci kakhulu, ukuze kuthintelwe ukuveliswa kokukhutshwa okukhanyayo okanye ukukhutshwa kwe-arc.
Ukufudumeza
Ngokweemfuno zokusebenza ezahlukeneyo zesixhobo sokusebenza, ngokuhambelana namaqondo obushushu awohlukeneyo, anokwahlulwa ngokwezi ntlobo zilandelayo zobushushu:
(a) ubushushu obuphantsi (150-250 degrees)
Ubushushu obuphantsi bobushushu bombutho onesiphumo se-martensite epholileyo. Injongo yalo kukugcina ubunzima obuphezulu kunye nokuxhatshazwa okuphezulu kwentsimbi ecinyiweyo phantsi kwesiseko sokunciphisa uxinzelelo lwangaphakathi kunye ne-brittleness, ukwenzela ukuba ugweme ukutshiza okanye ukulimala kwangaphambili ngexesha lokusetyenziswa. Isetyenziswa ikakhulu kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zezixhobo zokusika zekhabhoni ephezulu, iigeyiji, ukufa okutsalwa ngokubanda, iibheringi eziqengqelekayo kunye namalungu adityanisiweyo, njl.njl., emva kokuqina kobushushu ngokuqhelekileyo yi-HRC58-64.
(ii) ubushushu obuphakathi (250-500 degrees)
Umbutho wobushushu obuphakathi wobushushu bomzimba wequartz. Injongo yayo kukufumana amandla esivuno esiphezulu, umda we-elastic kunye nokuqina okuphezulu. Ke ngoko, isetyenziswa ikakhulu kwiindidi zemithombo kunye nomsebenzi oshushu wokusetyenzwa komngundo, ubulukhuni bokuthambisa buqheleke njenge-HRC35-50.
(C) ubushushu obuphezulu (500-650 degrees)
Ubushushu obuphezulu bombutho kwiSohnite enomsindo. Ukucima okuqhelekileyo kunye nobushushu obuphezulu bobushushu obudibeneyo kunyango lobushushu olwaziwa njengonyango lobushushu, injongo yalo kukufumana amandla, ubulukhuni kunye neplastikhi, ukuqina zizinto ezingcono zoomatshini ngokubanzi. Ngoko ke, isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwiimoto, iitrektara, izixhobo zoomatshini kunye nezinye iindawo ezibalulekileyo zesakhiwo, ezifana neentonga zokudibanisa, iibholiti, iigiya kunye neeshafts. Ubulukhuni emva kobushushu ngokuqhelekileyo yi-HB200-330.
Ukuthintela ukuguqulwa
Precision entsonkothileyo deformation ukungunda oonobangela badla ezintsonkothileyo, kodwa nje inkosi umthetho deformation yayo, ukuhlalutya oonobangela bayo, usebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo ukuthintela deformation ngundo uyakwazi ukunciphisa, kodwa uyakwazi ukulawula. Ngokuqhelekileyo, unyango lobushushu lokuchaneka kokubunjwa kokungunda okuyinkimbinkimbi kunokuthatha ezi ndlela zilandelayo zokuthintela.
(1) Ukukhetha izinto eziphathekayo ngokusengqiqweni. Ukungunda okuchanekileyo kufuneka kukhethwe izinto eziphathekayo ezintle zokubumba i-microdeformation yentsimbi (efana nentsimbi yokucima umoya), ulwahlulo lwe-carbide yentsimbi enzulu yokubumba kufuneka ibe nengqiqo kunye nobushushu bokushisa unyango, inkulu kwaye ayinakubumba intsimbi yokubumba inokuba yisisombululo esiluqilima kabini ukulungiswa kobushushu bonyango.
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(3) Ukuchaneka kunye nokubumba okuyinkimbinkimbi kufuneka kube unyango lwangaphambi kokushisa ukuphelisa uxinzelelo olushiyekileyo oluveliswe kwinkqubo yomatshini.
(4) Ukhetho olufanelekileyo lobushushu bokufudumala, lawula isantya sokufudumeza, ukuchaneka ukubumba okuyinkimbinkimbi kunokuthatha ukufudumeza okucothayo, ukufudumeza kwangaphambili kunye nezinye iindlela zokufudumeza ezilungeleleneyo zokunciphisa i-deformation yonyango lobushushu.
(5) Ngaphantsi kwesiseko sokuqinisekisa ubulukhuni bokubumba, zama ukusebenzisa ukupholisa kwangaphambili, ukucima ukupholisa okusemgangathweni okanye inkqubo yokucima ubushushu.
(6) Ngokuchaneka kunye nokubumba okuyinkimbinkimbi, phantsi kwemiqathango yemvume, zama ukusebenzisa i-vacuum yokucima ukufudumeza kunye nonyango olunzulu lokupholisa emva kokucima.
(7) Kuba ezinye zokubumba ezichanekileyo kunye ezintsonkothileyo zingasetyenziswa unyango pre-ubushushu, unyango ukuguga ubushushu, ukufutha unyango ubushushu nitriding ukulawula ukuchaneka ngundo.
(8) Ekulungiseni imingxuma yesanti yokubumba, i-porosity, ukunxiba kunye nezinye iziphene, ukusetyenziswa komatshini we-welding obandayo kunye nezinye iimpembelelo ezishushu zezixhobo zokulungisa ukuphepha inkqubo yokulungiswa kokuguqulwa.
Ukongeza, umsebenzi ochanekileyo wonyango lobushushu (njengemingxuma yokuplaga, imingxuma ebotshelelweyo, ukulungiswa koomatshini, iindlela ezifanelekileyo zokufudumeza, ukhetho oluchanekileyo lwesalathiso sokupholisa somngundo kunye nesalathiso sokuhamba kwindawo yokupholisa, njl.
Ukucinywa kobuso kunye nobushushu bonyango luhlala luqhutywa ngokufudumeza kwe-induction okanye ukufudumeza ilangatye. Ezona parameters zobugcisa bubunzima bomphezulu, ubulukhuni bendawo kunye nobunzulu obusebenzayo bomaleko. Uvavanyo lobulukhuni lunokusetyenziswa iVickers tester hardness, ingasetyenziselwa iRockwell okanye umhloli wobulukhuni beRockwell. Ukhetho lwamandla ovavanyo (isikali) lunxulumene nobunzulu bomaleko oqinileyo osebenzayo kunye nokuqina komphezulu we-workpiece. Iindidi ezintathu zabavavanyi bobulukhuni ababandakanyekayo apha.
Okokuqala, i-Vickers tester hardness yindlela ebalulekileyo yokuvavanya ubulukhuni bomphezulu we-workpieces ephethwe ngubushushu, inokukhethwa ukusuka kwi-0.5 ukuya kwi-100kg yamandla okuvavanya, ukuvavanya umgangatho wokuqina komphezulu ube mncinci njenge-0.05mm ubukhulu, kwaye ukuchaneka kwayo kowona mgangatho uphezulu, kwaye inokwazi ukwahlula umahluko omncinci kubunzima bomphezulu bezinto zokusebenza eziphathwe ngobushushu. Ukongeza, ubunzulu bomaleko oqinileyo osebenzayo kufuneka bubonwe ngumvavanyi wobulukhuni beVickers, ngoko ke ukulungiselela ukusetyenzwa kobushushu bomphezulu okanye inani elikhulu leeyunithi ezisebenzisa i-workpiece yonyango lobushushu elingaphezulu, elixhotyiswe ngomvavanyi wobulukhuni beVickers kuyimfuneko.
Okwesibini, umphezulu we-Rockwell umvavanyi wobulukhuni nawo ufanelekile kakhulu ukuvavanya ukuqina komphezulu womsebenzi owenziwe lukhuni, umvavanyi wobulukhuni weRockwell unezikali ezintathu zokukhetha kuzo. Inokuvavanya ubunzulu obusebenzayo bokuqina obungaphezulu kwe-0.1mm yezinto ezohlukeneyo zobunzima bomsebenzi womphezulu. Nangona umphezulu we-Rockwell hardness tester ukuchaneka awukho phezulu njenge-Vickers hardness tester, kodwa njengolawulo lomgangatho wesityalo sokunyanga ukushisa kunye neendlela zokuhlola eziqinisekisiweyo zokufumanisa, ziye zakwazi ukuhlangabezana neemfuno. Ngaphezu koko, nayo inomsebenzi olula, kulula ukuyisebenzisa, ixabiso eliphantsi, umlinganiselo okhawulezayo, unokufunda ngokuthe ngqo ixabiso lobulukhuni kunye nezinye iimpawu, ukusetyenziswa komvavanyi wobulukhuni be-Rockwell kunokuba yibhetshi ye-workpiece yonyango lobushushu bomphezulu wokuvavanya ngokukhawuleza kunye nokungonakalisi kweqhekeza-by-piece. Oku kubalulekile kwimveliso yesinyithi kunye neplanti yokuvelisa oomatshini.
Okwesithathu, xa umphezulu unyango ubushushu lukhuni umaleko kutyebe, ingasetyenziswa Rockwell ubulukhuni tester. Xa unyango ubushushu lukhuni umaleko ubukhulu 0.4 ~ 0.8mm, ingasetyenziswa isikali HRA, xa umaleko lukhuni ubukhulu ngaphezu 0.8mm, ingasetyenziswa isikali HRC.
I-Vickers, i-Rockwell kunye ne-surface Rockwell iintlobo ezintathu zamaxabiso obunzima ziyakwazi ukuguqulwa ngokulula komnye nomnye, ziguqulelwe kumgangatho, imizobo okanye umsebenzisi ufuna ixabiso lobulukhuni. Iitheyibhile zoguqulo ezihambelanayo zinikwe kumgangatho wamazwe ngamazwe we-ISO, umgangatho we-ASTM waseMelika kunye nomgangatho waseTshayina we-GB/T.
Ukuqina kwendawo
Amacandelo ukuba iimfuno zasekuhlaleni ubulukhuni obuphezulu, ukufudumeza okukhoyo kunye nezinye iindlela zokucima unyango lobushushu bendawo, iindawo ezinjalo zidla ngokumakisha indawo yonyango lokucima ubushushu bendawo kunye nexabiso lobulukhuni bendawo kwimizobo. Uvavanyo lobulukhuni beengxenye kufuneka lwenziwe kwindawo echongiweyo. Izixhobo zokuvavanya ubulukhuni zingasetyenziswa Rockwell ubulukhuni umvavanyi, uvavanyo HRC ubulukhuni ixabiso, ezifana unyango ubushushu ukuqina umaleko ayinzulwanga, ingasetyenziswa umphezulu Rockwell ubulukhuni tester, uvavanyo HRN ubulukhuni ixabiso.
Unyango lobushushu beMichiza
Unyango lobushushu beMichiza kukwenza umphezulu we-workpiece ungene kwindawo enye okanye ezininzi zeekhemikhali zeathomu, ukuze utshintshe ukwakheka kweekhemikhali, ulungelelwaniso kunye nokusebenza komphezulu we-workpiece. Emva kokucima kunye nokushisa okuphantsi kweqondo lokushisa, umphezulu we-workpiece unobulukhuni obuphezulu, ukuxhathisa ukunxiba kunye namandla okudinwa, ngelixa i-core workpiece inobunzima obukhulu.
Ngokwale ngasentla, ukufumanisa kunye nokurekhoda kweqondo lokushisa kwinkqubo yokushisa ukushisa kubaluleke kakhulu, kwaye ukulawulwa kweqondo lokushisa elibi kunempembelelo enkulu kwimveliso. Ngoko ke, ukubhaqwa lobushushu kubaluleke kakhulu, intsingiselo ubushushu kuyo yonke le nkqubo nayo ibaluleke kakhulu, nto leyo ebangela ukuba inkqubo unyango ubushushu kufuneka zibhalwe phezu utshintsho lobushushu, kungenza lula uhlalutyo data elizayo, kodwa kwakhona ukubona ukuba leliphi ixesha lobushushu ayihambelani neemfuno. Oku kuya kudlala indima enkulu kakhulu ekuphuculeni unyango lobushushu kwixesha elizayo.
Iinkqubo zokusebenza
1, Coca indawo yokusebenza, khangela ukuba unikezelo lwamandla, izixhobo zokulinganisa kunye nokutshintsha okuhlukeneyo kuqhelekileyo, kwaye ingaba umthombo wamanzi ugudileyo.
2, Abaqhubi kufuneka banxibe izixhobo ezifanelekileyo zokukhusela abasebenzi, kungenjalo kuya kuba yingozi.
I-3, vula amandla okulawula ukutshintshwa kwehlabathi jikelele, ngokweemfuno zobugcisa zamacandelo ahleliweyo obushushu bokunyuka kunye nokuwa, ukwandisa ubomi bezixhobo kunye nezixhobo zokusebenza.
I-4, ukunikela ingqalelo kubushushu bobushushu bobushushu bomlilo kunye nommiselo wesantya sebhanti lomnatha, unokwazi imigangatho yobushushu efunekayo kwizinto ezahlukeneyo, ukuqinisekisa ubulukhuni besixhobo sokusebenza kunye nokuthe tye komphezulu kunye nomaleko we-oxidation, kwaye wenze umsebenzi olungileyo wokhuseleko.
5, Ukunikela ingqalelo kwiqondo lobushushu elipholileyo kunye nesantya sebhanti lomnatha, vula umoya wokukhupha, ukuze i-workpiece emva kobushushu ihlangabezane neemfuno zomgangatho.
6, emsebenzini kufuneka unamathele kwisithuba.
I-7, ukuqwalasela izixhobo zomlilo eziyimfuneko, kunye nokuqhelana nokusetyenziswa kunye neendlela zokulondoloza.
8, Xa umisa umatshini, kufuneka sijonge ukuba zonke iiswitshi zolawulo zikwimeko evaliweyo, kwaye emva koko sivale iswitshi yokudlulisa jikelele.
Ukutshisa ngokugqithisileyo
Ukususela kumlomo orhabaxa wezixhobo ezithwala i-roller zinokubonwa emva kokucima i-microstructure overheating. Kodwa ukufumanisa iqondo elichanekileyo lokufudumeza kufuneka liqwalasele i-microstructure. Ukuba kwi-GCr15 umbutho wokucima intsimbi ngokubonakala kwe-martensite yenaliti enqabileyo, ukucima umbutho wokushisa. Isizathu sokubunjwa kokucima ukushisa kweqondo lokushisa kunokuba kuphezulu kakhulu okanye ukufudumeza kunye nexesha lokubamba lide kakhulu elibangelwa uluhlu olupheleleyo lokufudumala; kusenokuba ngenxa yombutho original of the band carbide serious, kwindawo carbon ephantsi phakathi bands ezimbini ukwenza yasekuhlaleni inaliti martensite atyebileyo, okubangela overheating lwasekhaya. I-austenite eseleyo kwintlangano eshushu kakhulu iyanda, kwaye ukuzinza kwe-dimensional kuncipha. Ngenxa yokufudumala kwentlangano yokucima, i-crystal yensimbi i-coarse, eya kukhokelela ekunciphiseni ukuqina kwamacandelo, ukuchasana kwempembelelo kuyancipha, kwaye ubomi bokuthwala buyancipha. Ukushisa kakhulu kunokubangela iintanda ezicimayo.
Ukufudumeza ngaphantsi
Ukucima ubushushu buphantsi okanye ukupholisa kakubi kuya kuvelisa ngaphezu kombutho oqhelekileyo weTorrhenite kwi-microstructure, eyaziwa ngokuba yintlangano ephantsi, eyenza ukuhla kobunzima, ukuxhathisa ukunxiba kuyancipha ngokukhawuleza, okuchaphazela ubomi beengxenye ze-roller ezithwala.
Ukucima iintanda
Iinxalenye ezithwele i-roller kwinkqubo yokucima kunye nokupholisa ngenxa yoxinzelelo lwangaphakathi lwenze iintanda ezibizwa ngokuba yi-quenching cracks. Izizathu zokuqhekeka okunjalo zi: ngenxa yokucima ukushisa kweqondo lokushisa eliphezulu kakhulu okanye ukupholisa ngokukhawuleza, uxinzelelo lwe-thermal kunye nokutshintsha komthamo wesinyithi kwintlangano yoxinzelelo kukhulu kunokomelela kwentsimbi; indawo yokusebenza yeziphene zangaphambili (ezifana nokuqhekeka komphezulu okanye ukukrazula) okanye iziphene zangaphakathi kwintsimbi (ezifana ne-slag, i-inclusions enzulu ye-non-metallic inclusions, amabala amhlophe, i-residue ye-shrinkage, njl.) ekucimeni ukubunjwa koxinzelelo loxinzelelo; i-decarburization enzima yomhlaba kunye nokwahlulwa kweCarbide; iindawo ezicinyiweyo emva kobushushu obungonelanga okanye obungenaxesha; Uxinzelelo lwe-punch olubandayo olubangelwa yinkqubo yangaphambili lukhulu kakhulu, ukugoqa ukugoba, ukujika okunzulu, ii-oil grooves ezibukhali kunye nokunye. Ngamafutshane, imbangela yokucima iintanda ingaba yinto enye okanye ngaphezulu kwezi zinto zingasentla, ubukho boxinzelelo lwangaphakathi sesona sizathu sokubunjwa kweentanda zokucima. Iintanda ezicimayo zinzulu kwaye zibhityile, kunye nokwaphuka okuthe tye kwaye akukho mbala oxidized kwindawo eyaphukileyo. Idla ngokuba kukuqhekeka okuthe tyaba okude okanye okumise okwesangqa kwikhola ethwele; imilo kwibhola yentsimbi ethweleyo imile njenge-S, imile okwe-T okanye imile okweringi. Iimpawu zombutho zokucima i-crack ayikho i-decarburization phenomenon kumacala omabini e-crack, ngokucacileyo ukwahlula kwi-cracks yokwenza kunye nokuqhekeka kwezinto.
Ukuguqulwa konyango lobushushu
I-NACHI ephethe iinxalenye kunyango lobushushu, kukho uxinzelelo lwe-thermal kunye noxinzelelo lwentlangano, olu xinzelelo lwangaphakathi lunokuthi lubekwe phezulu komnye nomnye okanye lugqithise ngokuyinxenye, luyinkimbinkimbi kwaye luguquguqukayo, kuba lunokutshintshwa kunye nobushushu bokufudumala, izinga lokufudumeza, imodi yokupholisa, izinga lokupholisa, imilo kunye nobukhulu bamacandelo, ngoko ke ukuchithwa kwonyango lokushisa akunakuphepheka. Ukuqaphela kunye nokulawula umgaqo womthetho unokwenza ukuguqulwa kwezinto ezithwala (ezifana ne-oval yekhola, ubungakanani phezulu, njl. njl.) zibekwe kwindawo elawulwayo, ehambelana nemveliso. Ngokuqinisekileyo, kwinkqubo yonyango yobushushu bokudibana komatshini kuya kwenza ukuba iindawo ziguqulwe, kodwa le deformation ingasetyenziselwa ukuphucula ukusebenza ukunciphisa nokuphepha.
I-decarburization yomphezulu
Izincedisi ze-roller ezithwele iinxalenye kwinkqubo yonyango lobushushu, ukuba ishushu kwi-oxidizing medium, umphezulu uya kuba ne-oxidized ukwenzela ukuba iindawo ezingaphezulu kwe-carbon mass fraction kuncitshiswe, okukhokelela kwi-decarburization yomhlaba. Ubunzulu bomgangatho we-decarburization layer ngaphezu kokucutshungulwa kokugqibela kobungakanani bokugcinwa kuya kwenza ukuba iindawo zichithwe. Ukumiselwa kobunzulu bomgangatho we-decarburization layer kuvavanyo lwe-metallographic yendlela ekhoyo ye-metallographic kunye ne-microhardness method. I-microhardness distribution curve ye-surface layer isekelwe kwindlela yokulinganisa, kwaye ingasetyenziselwa njengendlela yokugweba.
Indawo ethambileyo
Ngenxa yokunganelanga kokufudumeza, ukupholisa okulambathayo, ukusebenza kokucima okubangelwa bubulukhuni obungafanelekanga bomphezulu weendawo ezithwele i-roller ayonelanga into eyaziwa ngokuba yi-quenching soft spot. Kufana ne-decarburization yomphezulu inokubangela ukwehla okumandla kukumelana nokunxiba komphezulu kunye namandla okudinwa.
Ixesha lokuposa: Dec-05-2023