Isishwankathelo seMathiriyeli yeAlloy
Inkcazo ye-Alloy
I-alloy ngumxube we-homogeneous owenziwe ngeentsimbi ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu, okanye indibaniselwano yesinyithi kunye ne-non-metallic element, eneempawu zetsimbi. Ingcamango emva koyilo lwe-alloy kukudibanisa izinto ngendlela efana nokwandisa iipropati zoomatshini, eziphathekayo, kunye neekhemikhali ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ezithile zezicelo ezahlukeneyo.
Ukuhlelwa kwezinto ze-alloy
Izinto ze-alloy zinokuhlelwa ngokusekwe kwizinto zazo eziphambili kunye neempawu ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
● I-Ferrous Alloys:Ezi zi-alloys ezisekelwe kwintsimbi kunye nezinto ezongeziweyo ezifana nekhabhoni, i-manganese, kunye ne-silicon, esetyenziswa kakhulu kumashishini okwenza intsimbi kunye nokuphosa.
● Iingxube zeAluminiyam:Ezi zi-alloys ezisekelwe kwi-aluminium kunye nezinto ezifana nobhedu, i-magnesium, kunye ne-zinc, eyaziwa ngokuba yikhaphukhaphu, yomelele, kwaye ibe ne-conductivity egqwesileyo kunye neempawu zokushisa.
● Iialloyi zobhedu:Ezi zi-alloys ezisekwe kubhedu kunye nezinto ezongeziweyo ezifana ne-zinc, i-tin, kunye nelothe, ezibonelela ngokuqhuba kakuhle, ukuxhathisa ukubola, kunye nokusebenza.
● I-Magnesium Alloys:I-alloys esekwe kwi-Magnesium, ehlala idityaniswa ne-aluminiyam, i-zinc, kunye ne-manganese, zezona zintsimbi zikhaphukhaphu ezinobuxhakaxhaka bokuchasa kunye nokutshatyalaliswa kobushushu.
●Nickel Alloys:I-alloys esekwe kwi-nickel iqulethe izinto ezifana ne-chromium, intsimbi, kunye ne-cobalt, kwaye ibonisa ukuxhathisa okugqwesileyo kunye nokusebenza kobushushu obuphezulu.
● I-Titanium Alloys:Ezaziwa ngamandla azo aphezulu, ingxinano ephantsi, kunye nokuxhathisa umhlwa okungaqhelekanga, iialloyi ezisekwe kwi-titanium zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwizicelo ze-aerospace.
I-Alloys eneFrerous
Ukubunjwa kunye neePropati zeAlloys eziFrerous
I-alloys ye-Ferrous yenziwe ngentsimbi enezinto ezahlukeneyo zokudibanisa eziphucula iimpawu zabo zomatshini. Izinto eziqhelekileyo ziquka:
● Ikhabhoni:Enye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo zokudibanisa, ukuhlukahluka kwekhabhoni kwi-alloys ene-ferrous kuchaphazela ubunzima kunye nokuqina. I-alloys ephezulu yekhabhoni inika ubunzima obuninzi kodwa ubunzima obuncinci.
●Silicon:I-Silicon iphucula amandla kunye nokuqina kweealloyi ze-ferrous kwaye ihlala isetyenziswa kwi-silicon-iron alloys ukwenza i-steelmaking njenge-deoxidizer kunye ne-alloying agent.
●Manganese:IManganese ibalulekile ekonyuseni amandla kunye nokuqina kweealloyi ezineferrous, kwaye iialloys zeferromanganese zibalulekile ekuphuculeni ukuxhathisa ukunxiba kunye nokumelana nokubola kwentsimbi.
●Chromium:I-Chromium-iron alloys inikezela ngokugqwesileyo kokugqwala kunye namandla aphezulu obushushu, asetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kwimveliso yensimbi engenasici kunye neentsimbi ezikhethekileyo.
Ukusetyenziswa kweeAlloys eziFrerous
I-alloys ye-ferrous isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kumashishini ahlukeneyo, kuquka:
●Ishishini lokwenza intsimbi:I-Ferrous alloys izongezo ezibalulekileyo kwimveliso yensimbi, esetyenziselwa ukuguqula ukubunjwa kwensimbi kunye nokuphucula iimpawu zayo.
●Ishishini lokuCasa:Kwiinkqubo zokuphosa, i-alloys ye-ferrous iphucula iimpawu zomatshini kunye nokuqina kweemveliso zentsimbi.
● Izinto zokuwelda:I-alloys ye-Ferrous isetyenziselwa ukuveliswa kweentsimbi ze-welding kunye ne-flux ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuhlangana kwe-weld ephezulu.
●Amashishini eMichiza nezichumisi:I-alloys ye-Ferrous isebenza njenge-catalysts kunye ne-ejenti yokunciphisa kwimveliso yeekhemikhali kunye nezichumisi.
● Ukusebenza ngesinyithi:I-alloys ene-ferrous isetyenziselwa izixhobo ezifana nezixhobo zokusika kunye nokubumba, ukuphucula ukuqina kwazo kunye nokusebenza kakuhle.
Iingxube zeAluminiyam
Iimpawu eziphambili zeAluminiyam Alloys
Iialloyi ze-aluminiyam zaziwa ngobukhaphukhaphu bazo, amandla aphezulu, kunye nokucutshungulwa ngokulula, nto leyo ezenza zibaluleke kakhulu kumashishini anamhlanje. Iimpawu eziphambili ziquka:
●Ikhaphukhaphu:Iialloyi ze-aluminiyam zinoxinano oluphantsi malunga ne-2.7 g/cm³, nto leyo ezenza zilungele usetyenziso olufuna ukuthotywa kobunzima.
●Amandla aphezulu:Ngokusebenzisa i-alloying kunye nonyango lobushushu, ii-alloys ze-aluminiyam zinokufikelela amandla aphezulu, kunye nezinye i-alloys ezingaphezulu kwe-500 MPa.
●Ukuqhuba okugqwesileyo:I-aluminium ecocekileyo yi-conductor egqwesileyo yombane kunye nobushushu, kwaye i-alloys ye-aluminium igcina inxalenye ebalulekileyo yezi zakhiwo.
●Ukumelana nokuMhlwa:Umaleko wendalo okyidi uyibumba kumphezulu wealloyi ze-aluminiyam, ebonelela ngokumelana nokugqwesa okugqwesileyo, kwaye unyango olukhethekileyo lunokuphucula ngakumbi le propati.
●Ukwenziwa lula:Iialloyi zeAluminiyam zibonisa iplastiki elungileyo, izenza zilungele ukuphosa, ukukhupha, kunye neenkqubo zokubumba.
AmaBanga kunye nezicelo ze-Aluminiyam Alloys
I-alloys ye-aluminium ihlelwe ngokusekelwe kwizinto eziphambili zokudibanisa kunye neempawu. Amanye amabakala aqhelekileyo aquka:
●1xxx Series:I-aluminium ecocekileyo, engaphezulu kwe-99.00% yomxholo we-aluminiyam, esetyenziswa ngokukodwa kwishishini lombane kunye nempahla yabathengi bemihla ngemihla.
●2xxx Series:I-Copper yeyona nto iphambili yokudibanisa, iphucula kakhulu amandla emva kokunyangwa kobushushu, esetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kwizicelo ze-aerospace.
●3xxx Series:IManganese yeyona nto iphambili yokudityaniswa, inika ukuxhathisa okuhle kokubola, isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kulwakhiwo kunye nezixhobo zolwakhiwo.
●4xxx Series:I-Silicon iyona nto i-alloying element, inikezela ukuchasana nokushisa kunye neempawu ezintle ze-welding, ezifanelekileyo kwizinto ze-welding kunye nezixhobo ezichasene nokushisa.
●5xxx Series:I-Magnesium yeyona nto iphambili yokudityaniswa, ibonelela ngeempawu ezibalaseleyo zoomatshini kunye nokumelana nomhlwa, isetyenziswa kumashishini aselwandle, eemoto, kunye nakwindawo yomoya.
●6xxx Series:I-Magnesium kunye ne-silicon zizinto eziphambili zokudibanisa, zinika amandla amahle kunye nokusebenza kakuhle, okuqhelekileyo kusetyenziswe kwizinto zokwakha.
●7xxx Series:I-Zinc iyona nto iphambili ye-alloying, kwaye ezi ngxube zinika amandla aphezulu, asetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kwizakhiwo zeenqwelomoya kunye nezicelo eziphezulu zamandla.
●8xxx Series:Ziqulathe ezinye izinto ezifana nentsimbi kunye ne-nickel, enika amandla amahle kunye ne-conductivity, isetyenziswa ikakhulu kushishino lombane.
Aluminiyam alloys zisetyenziswa kumacandelo ahlukeneyo, kuquka:
● Isiphekepheke:I-alloys ye-aluminium ekhaphukhaphu kunye namandla aphezulu iyimfuneko kwizakhiwo zeenqwelomoya kunye namacandelo.
● Ezothutho:Iialloys ze-aluminiyam zisetyenziselwa ukwenza iimoto ezikhaphukhaphu kunye nezinto zikaloliwe, ukuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwamafutha.
● Ishishini loMbane:I-Aluminiyam yinto ekhethiweyo yeentambo kunye neenguqu
●Ulwakhiwo:I-alloys ye-aluminium isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwizakhiwo zokwakha, iifestile zefestile, iingcango, kunye nophahla ngenxa yamandla abo, ukuxhathisa ukubola, kunye nenkangeleko yobuhle.
● Ukupakishwa:I-alloys ye-aluminium, ngokukodwa ngendlela yeefoyile kunye neetoti, isetyenziswa kakhulu kwishishini lokupakisha ngenxa yokuba ilula, ayinayo ityhefu, kwaye iphinda isetyenziswe.
Iialloyi zobhedu
Ukuqulunqwa kunye neePropati ze-Copper Alloys
Iialloyi zobhedu ziyaziwa ngokugqwesa kombane kunye ne-thermal conductivity, ukuxhathisa ukubola, kunye nokulula ukwenza. Iialloys zobhedu eziqhelekileyo ziquka:
● Ubhedu (Ingxubevange yeCopper-Zinc):Eyaziwayo ngamandla ayo, i-ductility, kunye nokuchasana nokubola, ubhedu lusetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kwizicelo zoomatshini, iipayipi kunye nezixhobo zomculo.
● Ubhedu (I-Copper-Tin Alloy):Le ngxubevange ibonelela ngokumelana nomhlwa okuphezulu, ukuqina, kunye nokunganyangeki kokunxiba, ihlala isetyenziswa kwiibheringi, iibhutsi, kunye nezicelo zaselwandle.
● Iialloyi zeNickel yeCopper:Ezi ngxubevange zibonelela ngokugqwesileyo kokuxhathisa umhlwa kwindawo ezihlala elwandle, zizenza zilungele ukwakhiwa kweenqanawa, amaqonga angaphesheya konxweme, kunye nezityalo zokukhupha ityuwa.
●Beryllium Copper:Ngamandla aphezulu, ukuqina, kunye nokumelana nokubola, ubhedu lweberyllium luhlala lusetyenziswa kwizixhobo ezichanekileyo, izihlanganisi zombane kunye nemithombo.
Ukusetyenziswa kwe-Copper Alloys
Iialloys zobhedu zisebenza kuluhlu olubanzi lwamashishini ngenxa yokuguquguquka kwazo kunye neempawu ezizodwa:
● Ishishini loMbane:I-alloys yobhedu isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwizihlanganisi zombane, iingcingo, kunye namacandelo ngenxa yokuhanjiswa kwazo okugqwesileyo.
●Ukuphatha imibhobho kunye nolwelo:Ubhedu kunye nobhedu ziqhele ukusetyenziswa kwiivalvu, izifakelo, kunye nezinye izicelo zemibhobho ngenxa yokunganyangeki kwazo.
● Ushishino lwaseLwandle:I-alloys ye-Copper-nickel ithandwa kakhulu kwizicelo zaselwandle ngenxa yokuxhathisa kwazo kakuhle kwi-corrosion yamanzi olwandle.
● Ubunjineli obuchanekileyo:Ubhedu lweBeryllium lusetyenziswa kwizixhobo, izixhobo ezingatshiyo, kunye namacandelo achanekileyo ngenxa yamandla ayo kunye nokuqina.
I-Magnesium Alloys
Iimpawu zeMagnesium Alloys
I-Magnesium alloys zezona zintsimbi zikhaphukhaphu zolwakhiwo, ezinomlinganiselo ogqwesileyo wokomelela kubunzima, ukufunxa ukothuka, kunye nobuchule. Iipropati eziphambili ziquka:
●Ikhaphukhaphu:I-Magnesium alloys i-35% ikhaphukhaphu kune-aluminiyam kunye ne-78% ikhaphukhaphu kunentsimbi, nto leyo ebenza ukuba balungele ukusetyenziswa kwezinto ezinobunzima.
●Ubuchule bokuSebenza:I-Magnesium alloys inokusebenza kakuhle kakhulu, ivumela ukuba iindawo ezinzima kunye nezichanekileyo zenziwe ngokufanelekileyo.
●Ukufunxa ngokothuka:Ezi ngxubevange zineempawu ezintle zokufunxa ukothuka, zizenza zibe luncedo kwizicelo zemoto kunye ne-aerospace.
● Ukutshatyalaliswa kobushushu:I-Magnesium alloys ibonelela ngokutshabalalisa ubushushu, ibalulekile kwizinto zombane kunye nezinto ezinobushushu obuphezulu.
Ukusetyenziswa kweMagnesium Alloys
Ngenxa yokukhanya kunye namandla abo, i-magnesium alloys isetyenziswa kumashishini ahlukeneyo:
● Umzi mveliso weemoto:I-Magnesium alloys isetyenziswa kumacandelo enjini, izindlu zothumelo, kunye namavili ukunciphisa ubunzima besithuthi kunye nokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwamafutha.
● Ishishini le-Aerospace:I-Magnesium alloys iqeshwe kwiindawo zeenqwelomoya kunye nezixhobo ze-aerospace apho ukunciphisa ubunzima kubalulekile.
● Ezombane:I-Magnesium alloys isetyenziselwa ukwenziwa kweelaptops ezikhaphukhaphu, iikhamera, kunye neeselfowuni ngenxa yamandla azo kunye neempawu zokuphelisa ubushushu.
●Izixhobo zonyango:I-Magnesium alloys isetyenziswe kwi-bioresorbable implants kunye nezixhobo ze-orthopedic ngenxa ye-biocompatibility yazo.
I-Nickel Alloys
Iipropati zeNickel Alloys
I-nickel alloys ziyaziwa ngokuxhathisa kwazo okungaqhelekanga, ukuzinza kobushushu obuphezulu, kunye namandla omatshini. Ngokuqhelekileyo zidityaniswe nechromium, intsimbi, kunye nezinye izinto zokuphucula ukusebenza kwiimeko ezigqithisileyo. Iipropati eziphambili ziquka:
●Ukumelana nokuMhlwa:I-nickel alloys inokumelana okugqwesileyo kwi-oxidation kunye ne-corrosion kwindawo enzima, kuquka amanzi olwandle kunye neemeko ze-acidic.
● Amandla obushushu obuphezulu:I-nickel alloys igcina amandla abo kumaqondo aphezulu, okwenza ukuba afaneleke ukusetyenziswa kwi-aerospace kunye nezicelo zokuvelisa amandla.
●Ukumelana ne-Wear:I-nickel alloys inika ukuxhathisa okulungileyo, okuxabisekileyo kwizicelo ezifuna ukuqina kwexesha elide.
Ukusetyenziswa kweNickel Alloys
Iialloys zenickel zisetyenziswa ekufuneni izicelo kumacandelo ahlukeneyo:
● Ishishini le-Aerospace:Ii-superalloys ezisekwe kwi-nickel zisetyenziswa kwii-jet engines, iiblade ze-iturbine, kunye nezinye izinto ezinobushushu obuphezulu ngenxa yokumelana nobushushu.
●Ukwenziwa kweMichiza:I-nickel alloys isetyenziswa kwi-reactors, i-heater exchangers, kunye neenkqubo zemibhobho apho ukuxhathisa ukubola kunye nobushushu obuphezulu kubalulekile.
● IsiZukulwana saMandla:I-nickel alloys isetyenziswa kwi-reactors yenyukliya kunye nee turbines zegesi ngenxa yesakhono sazo sobushushu obuphezulu kunye nokuxhathisa ukubola.
● Ushishino lwaseLwandle:Ingxubevange yenickel isetyenziswa kwiindawo zaselwandle kwizicelo ezinjengeempompo, iivalvu, kunye nezixhobo zokukhupha ityuwa emanzini olwandle.
I-Titanium Alloys
Iimpawu zeTitanium Alloys
Iialloyi ze-Titanium zikhaphukhaphu kodwa zomelele, ziyakwazi ukuxhathisa umhlwa kunye nokuzinza kobushushu obuphezulu. Iipropati eziphambili ziquka:
●Umlinganiselo wamandla obunzima obuphezulu:Ingxubevange ye-Titanium yomelele njengentsimbi kodwa iphantse ibe yi-45% ikhaphukhaphu, nto leyo ebenza ukuba bafanelekele i-aerospace kunye nosetyenziso oluphezulu.
●Ukumelana nokuMhlwa:Iialloyi ze-Titanium zinika ukuxhathisa okubalaseleyo ekudlekeni, ngakumbi kumanzi olwandle kunye neekhemikhali.
●Biocompatibility:I-Titanium alloys i-biocompatible, izenza zilungele ukufakelwa kwezonyango kunye nezixhobo.
●Uzinzo lobushushu obuphezulu:Ii-alloys ze-Titanium ziyakwazi ukumelana nokushisa okukhulu, zigcina amandla abo kunye nokunyaniseka kwi-aerospace kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezoshishino.
Ukusetyenziswa kwe-Titanium Alloys
Iialloyi ze-Titanium zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kumashishini apho amandla aphezulu, ubunzima, kunye nokumelana nomhlwa kubaluleke kakhulu:
● Ishishini le-Aerospace:Ingxubevange ye-Titanium isetyenziswa kwiifreyimu zenqwelomoya, izixhobo ze-injini, kunye nezixhobo zokumisa ngenxa yamandla azo aphezulu kunye nokonga ubunzima.
●Izixhobo zonyango:Ingxubevange ye-Titanium isetyenziselwa ukufakelwa kwamathambo, ukufakelwa kwamazinyo, kunye nezixhobo zotyando ngenxa ye-biocompatibility kunye nokuqina kwazo.
● Ushishino lwaseLwandle:Ingxubevange ye-Titanium isetyenziswa kumacandelo angaphantsi kolwandle, ukwakhiwa kweenqanawa, kunye nokugrumba ngaphandle konxweme ngenxa yokunganyangeki kokugqwala.
●Iinkqubo zoShishino:Ingxubevange ye-Titanium isetyenziswa kwimizi-mveliso yokwenziwa kweekhemikhali, ukuveliswa kwamandla, kunye nokusetyenziswa kweemoto kumacandelo afuna amandla kunye nokuxhathisa ukubola.
Ukuqukumbela
Izixhobo ze-alloy zidlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu kumashishini anamhlanje, anikezela ngezisombululo ezilungiselelweyo kunye neendibaniselwano ezizodwa zamandla, ubunzima, ukuxhathisa umhlwa kunye nokuqina. Ukusuka kwi-aerospace ukuya kwi-automotor, ukwakhiwa ukuya kwizixhobo zonyango, ukuguquguquka kwezinto ze-alloy kwenza ukuba zibe yimfuneko kwizicelo ezingenakubalwa. Nokuba ngamandla aphakamileyo ealloyi ze-ferrous, iipropathi ezikhaphukhaphu zeealloyi ze-aluminiyam, okanye ukuxhathisa kokutya kwe-nickel kunye ne-titanium alloys, ii-alloys zenziwe ngobunjineli ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ezahlukeneyo zehlabathi lanamhlanje elihambele phambili ngokwetekhnoloji.
Ixesha lokuposa: Oct-17-2024