1. Injongo
Ukumisela inkqubo yokugquma i-nickel engena-electroless, ulawulo lweeparameter, kunye neemfuno zomgangatho, ukuqinisekisa umgangatho ozinzileyo wokugquma ohlangabezana nemigangatho yabathengi neyehlabathi.
2. Ububanzi
Isebenza kwi-electroless nickel plating kwi-carbon steel, i-stainless steel, kunye ne-copper alloys. Ayisebenzi kwi-magnesium alloys, i-titanium alloys, okanye ezinye iinkqubo ezikhethekileyo.
3. Iingxelo eziQhelekileyo
- • GB/T 13913-2008 – Iingubo ze-alloy ze-nickel-phosphorus ezizenzekelayo
- • GB/T 6461-2002 – Uvavanyo lweesampuli zovavanyo kunye nezinto ezenziwe ngentsimbi kunye nezinye izinto ezingaphiliyo kwiziseko zentsimbi emva kovavanyo lokugqwala
- • I-ASTM B733-18 – Inkcazelo Esemgangathweni Yeengubo ZeNickel-Phosphorus Ezizenzekelayo (Ezingena-Electro)
- • ISO 4527:2003 – Iingubo zesinyithi – Iingubo ze-nickel-phosphorus alloy ezizenzekelayo (ezingenambane)
- • GB/T 5270-2005 – Iingubo zesinyithi kwi-substrates zesinyithi – Iingubo ezifakwe nge-electroplated kunye neekhemikhali – Iindlela zovavanyo lokuncamathelisa
4. Umgaqo weNkqubo
I-electroless nickel plating yinkqubo yokubeka iikhemikhali ezizenzekelayo apho i-sodium hypophosphite inciphisa ii-ion ze-Ni²⁺ ukuze zenze i-Ni-P alloy coating.
Indlela yokusabela:
- • I-Anodic oxidation: H₂PO₂⁻ + H₂O → H₂PO₃⁻ + 2H⁺ + 2e⁻
- • Unciphiso lweCathodic: Ni²⁺ + 2e⁻ → Ni
- • Ukufakwa kwe-phosphorus kunye: H₂PO₂⁻ + 2H⁺ + e⁻ → P + 2H₂O
Ukwahlulwahlulwa kwengubo ngokomxholo we-phosphorus:
| Uhlobo | Ubungakanani bephosphorus |
| I-Low-P | 1–5% |
| I-Mid-P | 5–10% |
| I-High-P | 10–15% |
5. Ukuhamba kweNkqubo
Ukuhlolwa → Ukususa amafutha → Ukuhlamba okushushu → Ukuhlamba okugelezayo → Ukuqhotsa → Ukuhlamba → Ukuvuselela → Ukuhlamba kwe-DI → Ukucoca okungenambane → Ukubuyisela → Ukuhlamba okuphambeneyo kwamanqanaba amathathu → Ukuhambisa → Ukuhlamba kwe-DI → Ukomisa → Ukuhlola → Ukupakisha
6. Iiparameter zeNkqubo eziPhambili
| Ipharamitha | Uluhlu lolawulo | Amagqabaza |
| Uxinzelelo lweNi²⁺ | 8–12 g/L | Icetyiswayo yi-9–10 g/L |
| I-sodium hypophosphate | 25–35 g/L | Umlinganiselo we-Molar kwi-Ni²⁺: 2.5–3.5:1 |
| Iarhente edibanisayo (i-sodium citrate) | 30–40 g/L | Iqinisa ii-ion ze-nickel |
| I-Buffer (i-sodium acetate) | 15–25 g/L | Igcina uzinzo lwe-pH |
| ixabiso le-pH | 4.5–5.5 (Phakathi/phezulu-P) | Ilungiswe nge-ammonia okanye i-sodium carbonate |
| Ubushushu | 85–90℃ | Eyona ilungileyo 88±1℃ |
| Iyalayisha | 0.5–1.5 dm²/L | Ukulayisha okuphezulu kunciphisa izinga lokufakwa |
| Izinga lokufaka imali | 15–25 μm/h | Iyancipha xa uhlamba luguga |
| Ixesha | imizuzu eli-15–60 | Kuxhomekeke kubukhulu obufunekayo |
| Ukuphazamiseka | Umoya woomatshini okanye ophantsi koxinzelelo | Kucetyiswa ukuhamba okanye ukujikeleza kwezixhobo zomsebenzi |
| Ukuhluza | Ukuhluza okuqhubekayo, umlinganiselo we-5–10 μm | Isusa amasuntswana, ithintela ukuqhekeka |
7. Iinkcukacha zeMveliso kunye nokukwazi ukugquma
7.1 Uluhlu lobungakanani bezinto zokusebenza
| Into | Ipharamitha |
| Ubungakanani obukhulu | 1500×800×600 mm |
| Ubungakanani obuncinci | 5×5×5 mm |
| Ubunzima obukhulu | 200 kg |
| Ubunzima obuncinci | 1 g |
7.2 Ubungakanani bokutyeba kweCoating
| Uhlobo | Uluhlu lokutyeba | Isicelo esiqhelekileyo |
| Iindawo ezichanekileyo | 5–10 μm | Imisonto, ii-valve cores, izinto ze-hydraulic |
| Iindawo ezisemgangathweni | 10–50 μm | Iindawo ezixhathisa ukugqwala kunye nokuguguleka ngokubanzi |
| Ukwaleka okutyebileyo | 50–100 μm | Ukulungiswa kokunxiba, iindawo ezinobungozi kakhulu |
Ukufana: ±10% (iinxalenye eziqhelekileyo); ±15% (iimo ezintsonkothileyo)
7.3 Iipropati zokugquma
| Ipropati | Njengoko ipleyitiwe | Iphathwe ngobushushu (400℃ × 1h) | Amagqabaza |
| Ubunzima (HV) | ≥500 HV | ≥800 HV | Unyango lobushushu lonyusa ubulukhuni |
| Ukunamathela | ≤ Ibanga loku-1 (GB/T 5270) | — | Akukho kuxobuka, akukho kuqhekeka |
| Uvavanyo lokutshiza ngetyuwa (i-NSS, i-5% ye-NaCl, i-35℃) | ≥24 iiyure (Phakathi-Phakathi) ≥72 iiyure (High-P) | — | Ngokweemfuno zomthengi ngamnye |
| Ukugquma | ≤1 inqaku/cm² | — | Ngokwesiqhelo ayingeni mingxunya ≥25 μm |
| Ukuxhathisa | 50–100 μΩ·cm | 30–60 μΩ·cm | — |
Unyango lobushushu: 400℃ ±10℃, iyure e-1, umoya/isithando somlilo sipholile.
8. Amandla eMveliso
| Into | Umthamo |
| Umthamo wetanki enye | 2–5 m³ |
| Ubunzima beqela | 500–1500 kg |
| Umthamo wemihla ngemihla | Iitoni ezi-3–8 |
| Umthamo wenyanga | Iitoni ezingama-80–200 |
Qaphela: Ubungakanani bokwenyani buxhomekeke kwijiyometri, ubukhulu, kunye nokuguga kwebhafu.
9. Uhlolo loMgangatho
9.1 Izinto zokuhlola
| Into | Indlela | Izihlandlo | Ikhrayitheriya yokwamkelwa |
| Ubukhulu | I-XRF / imakroskopu ye-metallographic | Amanqaku angama-≥3 ngomdlalo ngamnye ngebhetshi nganye | Umzobo weDibana; uphuhliso oluphezulu ≤10% |
| Ukuqina | Ubulukhuni be-HV0.1 micro | Kanye ngeshifti nganye | ≥500 HV (njengoko ibekwe epleyitini); ≥800 HV (HT) |
| Ukunamathela | Ifayile/ukugoba/ukunqunyulwa okunqamlezileyo+iteyiphu | Isiqwenga esinye ngebhetshi nganye | Ibanga ≤1, akukho kuxobuka |
| Inkangeleko | Okubonakalayo (ukukhanya okuqhelekileyo) | 100% | Iyunifomu eqaqambileyo; akukho ziphene |
| Ityuwa etshizwayo | I-NSS 5% NaCl, 35℃ | Ngebhetshi/utshintsho ngalunye | I-Mid-P ≥24 h; I-High-P ≥72 h |
| Ubungakanani bephosphorus | I-EDS / iikhemikhali | Indlu yokuhlambela entsha yeveki nganye / | 1–5% / 5–10% / 10–15% |
9.2 Ulwahlulo lweNkangeleko
| Ibanga | Inkcazo |
| Ibanga A | Ifanayo eqaqambileyo/engakhanyi kangako, ayinaziphene |
| Ibanga B | Amanzi amancinci/iindawo zokukhonkxa, akukho mingxunya/ukuxobuka |
| Ibanga C | Ukwahluka kombala okuncinci/okuncinci, ukusebenza kulungile |
| Yala | Ukuphosa, ukuxobula, ukutsiba ipleyiti, ukutsha, umahluko omkhulu wombala |
10. Ukusombulula iingxaki
| Ingxaki | Unobangela onokwenzeka | Isisombululo |
| Ukunamathela okubi | Ukususa/ukugalela amafutha okungaphelelanga; ukungasebenzi kakuhle | Phucula unyango lwangaphambi konyango; yandisa ukusebenza |
| Ukungqubana/uburhabaxa | Amasuntswana abhafini; i-pH ephezulu ibangela ukuhla kwe-pH | Ukuphucula ukuhluza (5 μm); i-pH ephantsi |
| Ukwaleka okungwevu/okumnyama | I-Ni²⁺/hypophosphate ephantsi; i-pH/ubushushu obuphantsi | Yongeza iikhemikhali; pH 4.8–5.2; shushu ukuya kuma-88℃ |
| Tsiba ipleyiti | Ukungasebenzi kwendawo; ioyile eseleyo/i-oxide | Phucula ukusebenza; phinda unciphise amafutha |
| Izinga lokufaka eliphantsi | Ubushushu obuphantsi/iNi²⁺/inciphisa; i-pH engekho; ibhafu egugileyo | Fudumeza ukuya kuthi ga kwi-88–90℃; lungisa i-pH; hlaziya ibhafu |
| Ukubola kwebhafu | Ubushushu obugqithisileyo; i-pH ephezulu; ukongezwa ngokukhawuleza; umthwalo ophantsi | Yeka ukufudumeza; i-pH ephantsi; nciphisa ukuhlamba |
11. Ukhuseleko
- • I-PPE: Iiglavu ze-asidi/ze-alkali, iiglasi zokukhusela amehlo, i-apron, umphefumli (i-ammonia/ii-asidi).
- • Ukugcinwa kweekhemikhali: Hlukanisa i-nickel sulfate, i-hypophosphite, ii-asidi, ii-alkali; kude nobushushu/izinciphisi.
- • Izithintelo: Musa ukuxuba i-conc. acid + hypophosphite (i-phosphine enetyhefu). Nyibilikisa izinto eziqinileyo emanzini e-DI kuqala.
- • Umoya ophumayo: Umsi womoya ophumayo ongaphezulu kweetanki (ukususwa kwehydrogen).
- • Ingxamiseko: Ukuhlamba amehlo, ishawa, umgubo owomileyo/isitshizi sokucima umlilo se-CO₂, isixhobo sokuphefumla, isixhobo sokuchitha.
12. Ukhuseleko lweNdalo
- • Amanzi amdaka: Amanzi amdaka ahlukeneyo; i-pH ye-precipitate 9–10 + PAC/PAM; i-Ni <0.5 mg/L.
- • Inkunkuma enobungozi: Ukuhlamba okuchithiweyo, izihluzi, i-activator, i-Ni sludge – ukulahla okunelayisenisi kunye ne-manifest.
- • Ukukhupha umoya: Umoya ophuma rhoqo; jonga i-ammonia/hydrogen kwi-GB 16297 nganye.
- • Amandla/amanzi: Zigqume ii-insulation kwiitanki; hlambulula ngamanzi ajikelezayo; ukugcwalisa okuxineneyo.
13. Ulwakhiwo lweBath (iPhosphorus ephakathi, iinxalenye eziqhelekileyo)
| Ikhemikhali | Ukugxila | Umsebenzi |
| I-NiSO₄·6H₂O | 25–35 g/L | Ityuwa ephambili, umthombo weNi²⁺ |
| NaH₂PO₂·H₂O | 25–35 g/L | Iarhente yokunciphisa, umthombo we-P |
| Na₃C₆H₅O₇·2H₂O | 30–40 g/L | Iarhente yokudibanisa |
| CH₃COONa·3H₂O | 15–25 g/L | i-pH buffer |
| I-lactic/propionic acid | 5–10 mL/L | Isikhawulezisi |
| Isizinzisi (thiourea) | 1–2 mg/L | Ithintela ukubola |
Iinto zokuzilungisa:
1. Nyibilikisa i-NiSO₄, i-citrate, i-acetate kwi-1/3 yamanzi e-DI, i-60℃.
2. Nyibilikisa i-hypophosphite + i-lactic acid kwenye i-1/3.
3. Hlanganisa, zalisa ukuya kutsho kwivolumu, i-pH 4.8–5.2.
4. Yongeza isizinzisi, ubushushu bufikelele kwi-88℃, isihluzi, ipleyiti yovavanyo.
14. Amandla ezixhobo kunye nokuhlolwa
14.1 Izixhobo Eziphambili
| Izixhobo | Inkcazo |
| Itanki yokutyibiliza | I-PP/PVC efakwe imiphetho, eshushu, nolawulo lobushushu |
| Ukuhluza | Ipompo enganyangekiyo yi-asidi + indlu, 5–10 μm, 1–3×/h |
| Ulawulo lobushushu | I-PID, ±1℃ |
| I-oven yokomisa | Umoya oshushu, 60–120℃ |
| Isicoci se-ultrasonic | 40 kHz, amandla ahlengahlengiswayo |
| Amanzi e-DI | ≥10 MΩ·cm |
14.2 Izixhobo zokuhlola
| Izixhobo | Ukuchaneka/Umgangatho |
| Ubukhulu be-XRF | 0–200 μm, ±0.1 μm |
| Ubulukhuni obuncinci | 10–1000 gf, GB/T 4340.1 |
| Igumbi lokutshiza ityuwa | GB/T 10125, ≥200 L |
| imakroskopu yeMetallographic | 100–1000×, imayikromitha |
| imitha ye-pH | ± 0.02, imbuyekezo yobushushu |
| Ibhalansi yohlalutyo | 0.01 g |
15. Uxwebhu kunye nokulandelelwa
- •Ingxelo yemveliso:Inombolo yenxalenye, ubungakanani, ubushushu, i-pH, ixesha, ubukhulu, umqhubi.
- •Ilog yokuhlamba:I-Ni²⁺ yemihla ngemihla, i-hypophosphite, i-pH; izongezo; ukucoca/ukuhluza.
- •Ingxelo yokuhlolwa:Ubukhulu, ubulukhuni, ukunamathela, inkangeleko, ityuwa yokutshiza.
- •Ulondolozo:Ukulinganisa, ukugcinwa kwepompo, ukukhupha ii-scaling, ukujonga iifeni (ngekota).
Ukugcinwa:≥Iminyaka emi-3 (≥Iminyaka eli-10 yemoto/yezonyango). Ingalandelelwa kwi-batch/bath cycle.
16. Izibonelelo ezongezelelweyo
- • Ihlolwa minyaka le liSebe lezobuGcisa.
- • Iimfuno ezikhethekileyo zabathengi (ityuwa yokutshiza, ubulukhuni, ukusasazwa, ukubhityaniswa kwe-H) zibhalwe phantsi kwaye zilandelwa.
- • Iimveliso ezintsha: Uvavanyo oluncinci kuqala; imveliso ngobuninzi emva kokuphumelela zonke iimvavanyo.
- • Ukulawula imveliso kunye nokuhlolwa kwabathengi.
Imbali yoHlaziyo
| UMfundisi | Umhla | Umxholo wohlaziyo | Ivunywe ngu |
| V1.0 | 2024-xx-xx | Ukukhululwa kokuqala | — |
| V2.0 | 2026-04-30 | Uhlaziyo olupheleleyo lwesiNgesi kuphela | — |
Ixesha leposi: Meyi-18-2026