Isishwankathelo seMveliso
IHaynes 230 sisixhobo esomeleleyo esiqinisiweyo esidibanisa amandla aphezulu obushushu kunye nokumelana okugqwesileyo kwiindawo ezikhupha ioksijini ukuya kuthi ga kwi-2100°F (1149°C) kwiindawo ezihlala ixesha elide, ukumelana okuphezulu kwiindawo ezikhupha i-nitriding, kunye nokuzinza okuhle kobushushu bexesha elide. I-alloy isebenza ngokukodwa kwiindawo ezihlala ixesha elide kakhulu kumaqondo obushushu angama-1200°F (650°C) nangaphezulu, kwaye iyakwazi ukuhlala ixesha elide kuneentsimbi ezingenasici kunye nee-nickel alloys ukuya kuthi ga kwi-100 ukuya kwi-1 kuxhomekeke kubushushu. Ukusetyenziswa okungenjalo kwamandla aphezulu e-230 alloy kuvumela ubukhulu becandelo loyilo ukuya kuthi ga kwi-75% encinci kunee-alloys ezincinci ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa kubuchule bokuthwala umthwalo.
Iimpawu eziphambili ziquka:
- Amandla aphezulu obushushu obuphezuluukuya kuthi ga kwi-1149°C (2100°F)
- Ukumelana okugqwesileyo kwe-oxidationkwiindawo ezingaqhelekanga
- Ukumelana okuphezulu kwiindawo ezibangela i-nitriding
- Uzinzo oluhle kakhulu lobushushu bexesha elide
- Ukwandiswa kobushushu obuphantsiiimpawu kunezinye ii-alloys ezininzi ezinobushushu obuphezulu
- Ukuchasana nokuqiniswa kweenkozokunye nokuvezwa kubushushu obuphezulu ixesha elide
- Ukwenziwa kakuhle kunye nokudityaniswa kakuhle
- Ugutyungelwe yiKhowudi yeSikepe se-ASME(Ityala Nombolo 2063 leCandelo I kunye neCandelo VIII)
Ukwenziwa kweeKhemikhali
| I-elementi | Umxholo (%) | Indima |
| I-Nickel (Ni) | Ibhalansi (malunga nama-47-65) | Isiseko sento, sibonelela ngokumelana nokugqwala kunye nozinzo lobushushu |
| I-Chromium (Cr) | 20.0 – 24.0 | Yenza isikali sokukhusela i-oxide, ukumelana ne-oxidation |
| I-Tungsten (eBusweni) | 13.0 – 15.0 | Ukuqina kwesisombululo esiqinileyo, ukumelana nokuqhekeka kobushushu obuphezulu |
| I-Molybdenum (Mo) | 1.0 – 3.0 | Ukuqinisa isisombululo esiqinileyo, ukumelana nokugqwala |
| Intsimbi (Fe) | ≤ 3.0 | Into eseleyo, elawulwa ngokuqinileyo |
| ICobalt (iNkampani) | ≤ 5.0 | Inegalelo kumandla obushushu obuphezulu |
| Ikhabhoni (C) | 0.05 – 0.15 | Ukwakheka kwekhabhoyidi, ukuqinisa umda weenkozo |
| IManganese (Mn) | 0.30 – 1.00 | I-Deoxidizer |
| I-Silicon (Si) | 0.25 – 0.75 | I-Deoxidizer, ukumelana ne-oxidation |
| I-Aluminiyam (Al) | 0.20 – 0.50 | Iphucula ukumelana ne-oxidation, i-γ' yangaphambili |
| ILanthanum (La) | 0.005 – 0.050 | Iphucula ukunamathela kwesikali se-oxide |
| I-Titanium (iTi) | ≤ 0.10 | Into eseleyo |
| IBoron (B) | ≤ 0.015 | Ukuqinisa imida yeenkozo |
Iipropati zoomatshini
Iipropati zoBushushu beGumbi (Isisombululo esiNxulumeneyo)
| Ipropati | IHaynes 230 (Iphepha/Ipleyiti) |
| Tensile strength | ≥ 110 ksi (760 MPa) |
| Amandla okuVuna (i-0.2% ye-Offset) | ≥ 45 ksi (310 MPa) |
| Ukwandiswa | ≥ 40% |
| Ukuqina | < 241 HB |
| Uxinano | 8.97 g/cm³ |
| Uluhlu lokunyibilika | 1300 – 1374°C |
| Ukuqhuba kwe-Thermal kwi-20°C | 62 BTU-in/h-ft²-°F (8.9 W/m·K) |
| I-Coefficient yokwandisa ubushushu (20-100°C) | 7.0 × 10⁻⁵ ngaphakathi/ngaphakathi/°F (12.7 × 10⁻⁶/°C) |
| Imodulus ye-Elastic | 30.6 × 10³ ksi (211 GPa) |
Iipropati zoomatshini ezishushu kakhulu
| Ubushushu bovavanyo °F | Ubushushu bovavanyo °C | Amandla okuThamba (MPa) | Amandla okuKhula angama-0.2% (MPa) | Ukwandiswa (%) |
| Igumbi | 20 | 860 | 390 | 47.7 |
| 1400 | 760 | 585 | 285 | 46.1 |
| 2000 | 1095 | 120 | 57 | 49.6 |
Iingenelo eziphambili zeHaynes 230
Amandla Aphezulu Obushushu Angaqhelekanga kunye Nokuzinza Kobushushu– IHaynes 230 yinto eqinisiweyo enesisombululo esiqinileyo edibanisa amandla aphezulu obushushu kunye nokulungiswa kakuhle kubushushu begumbi. Le ngxubevange isebenza ngokukodwa ekusetyenzisweni kwexesha elide kakhulu kubushushu obuyi-1200°F (650°C) nangaphezulu. Indibaniselwano eyahlukileyo ye-tungsten (13-15%) kunye ne-molybdenum (1-3%) yokuqinisa isisombululo esiqinileyo, kunye nekhabhoni elawulwayo (0.05-0.15%) kunye ne-chromium (20-24%) yokuqinisa ikhabhoyidi, inika amandla abalaseleyo obushushu obuphezulu. Le ngxubevange ibonisa ukumelana nokuxinana kweenkozo ngokuvezwa ixesha elide kubushushu obuphezulu, igcina iimpawu zayo zoomatshini ixesha elide.
Ukumelana ne-Oxidation ephezulu– IHaynes 230 inika ukumelana okubalaseleyo kwiindawo ezitshisayo ukuya kuthi ga kwi-2100°F (1149°C) xa ichaphazeleka ixesha elide. Umxholo ophezulu we-chromium (20-24%) wenza isikali se-oxide esiqinileyo nesinamathelayo se-Cr₂O₃. Ukongezwa kwe-lanthanum (0.005-0.05%) kuphucula ukunamathela kwesikali se-oxide, kuthintela ukuqhekeka ngexesha lokujikeleza kobushushu. Oku kubonelela ngokusebenza okuphezulu kwiimeko zobushushu obujikelezayo apho ezinye ii-alloys ziya kusilela ngokuqhekeka kwesikali.
Ukumelana neNkulumbuso kwiNdawo eziNitriding– Le alloy ibonakalisa ukumelana okuphezulu neendawo ezibangela i-nitriding, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ifaneleke kwiinkxaso zegridi ye-ammonia burner catalyst kunye nezinye izinto apho i-nitriding inokubangela ukuwohloka ngokukhawuleza kwe-alloys ezincinci.
Uzinzo oluhle kakhulu lwexesha elide lobushushu– Ngokungafaniyo nee-alloys ezininzi ezinobushushu obuphezulu eziwohlokayo ngesigaba se-sigma okanye ezinye ii-embrittling precipitates, iHaynes 230 igcina ukuqina kwayo kunye nokuqina kwayo ngokuvezwa ixesha elide kubushushu obuphezulu. Oku kuqinisekisa ubomi benkonzo obuthembekileyo obulinganiswa ngeminyaka endaweni yeenyanga.
Ukwandiswa kobushushu obuphantsi– Le ngxubevange ibonisa iimpawu zokukhula kobushushu obuphantsi kunezinye ii-alloys ezinobushushu obuphezulu, nto leyo enciphisa uxinzelelo lobushushu kunye nokudinwa kwiindawo eziphantsi kokujikeleza kobushushu. Oku kuluncedo ngakumbi kwiindawo ze-turbine zegesi ze-aerospace kunye nokusetyenziswa kwesithando somlilo semizi-mveliso.
Ukwenziwa kakuhle kunye nokudityaniswa– IHaynes 230 ineempawu ezintle kakhulu zokubumba nokuwelda. Ingadalwa okanye isetyenziswe ngobushushu, ukuba nje igcinwe kwi-2150°F (1177°C) ixesha elaneleyo. I-alloy ikwadalwa ngokulula ngokusebenza ngokubandayo ngenxa yokuguquguquka kwayo okuhle. Ingadityaniswa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, kubandakanya i-gas tungsten arc (GTAW), i-gas metal arc (GMAW), i-resistance welding, kunye ne-shielded metal arc welding (SMAW).
Ukhuseleko lweKhowudi yeSikepe se-ASME– IHaynes 230 igutyungelwe yi-ASME Vessel Code case No. 2063 yeCandelo I kunye neCandelo VIII, evumela ukusetyenziswa kwayo kwizicelo zesitya soxinzelelo phantsi kwe-ASME Boiler kunye nePressure Vessel Code.
Ubomi beNkonzo eyongeziweyo– Le ngxubevange iyakwazi ukuhlala ixesha elide kuneentsimbi ezingenasici kunye nee-nickel alloys ukuya kuthi ga kwi-100 ukuya kwi-1 kuxhomekeke kubushushu. Ngaphandle koko, amandla aphezulu e-230 alloy avumela ukusetyenziswa kobukhulu becandelo loyilo obufikelela kwi-75% encinci kunee-alloys ezincinci ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa kubuchule bokuthwala umthwalo.
UHaynes 230 vs Inconel 625 vs Inconel 617: Ukuthelekisa
| Ipropati | UHaynes 230 | I-Inconel 625 | Inconel 617 |
| Umxholo weNickel | Ibhalansi | ≥ 58% | 44.5-55.5% |
| Umxholo weChromium | 20-24% | 20-23% | 20-24% |
| Umxholo weTungsten | 13-15% | Akukho nanye | Akukho nanye |
| Umxholo weMolybdenum | 1-3% | 8-10% | 8-10% |
| Indlela Yokuqinisa | Isisombululo esiqinileyo (W, Mo) | Isisombululo esiqinileyo (Mo, Nb) | Isisombululo esiqinileyo (Co, Mo) |
| Ubushushu obuphezulu bokusebenza | 1149°C | 982°C | 1150°C |
| Ukumelana ne-Oxidation | Ephakamileyo | Igqwesile | Igqwesile |
| Ukumelana neNitriding | INkulumbuso | Kulungile | Kulungile |
| Amandla okuhambahamba kwi >900°C | Ibalasele | Kulungile | Igqwesile |
| Uzinzo lobushushu | Igqwesile | Kulungile | Igqwesile |
| Izicelo eziphambili | Iiturbine zegesi, i-aerospace, ukufudumeza kwemizi-mveliso | Ulwandle, iikhemikhali, i-FGD | I-Nuclear, i-gas turbine, ubushushu obuphezulu kakhulu |
Ukukhetha nini iHaynes 230:Iinkqubo ezifuna ukumelana okuphezulu kwe-oxidation kunye ne-nitriding kumaqondo obushushu angaphezu kwe-1000°C, izinto ezitshisa i-gas turbine, ii-retorts kunye nezixhobo ze-industrial heating furnace, kunye nezinto zangaphakathi kushishino lweenkqubo zeekhemikhali apho uzinzo lobushushu bexesha elide lubalulekile.
Unyango lobushushu lweHaynes 230
IHaynes 230 yingxubevange eqinileyo yesisombululo esiqinileyo kwaye ifakwe kwimeko yesisombululo esinyangwa ngobushushu, ngaphandle kokuba kuchazwe ngenye indlela.
Unyango lobushushu oluqhelekileyo lwesisombululo:
- Ubushushu:2150 ukuya ku-2275°F (1177 ukuya ku-1246°C)
- Ukupholisa:Ukupholisa ngokukhawuleza okanye ukucima amanzi ukuze kubekho iipropati ezilungileyo
- Injongo:Fumana ibhalansi efanelekileyo yamandla obushushu obuphezulu, ukuguquguquka, kunye nokumelana ne-oxidation
Izinto ezibalulekileyo ekufuneka uziqwalasele:
- Ingxubevange ayinakwenziwa lukhuni ngonyango lobushushu bemvula
- Ukutsalwa kobushushu obuphantsi kunesisombululo sobushushu obunyanga ubushushu kuya kuvelisa imvula ethile ye-carbide, enokuchaphazela kancinci amandla kunye nokuguquguquka kwayo.
- Zonke iindawo ezishushu okanye ezibandayo kufuneka zifakwe emanzini abandayo kwaye zipholiswe ngokukhawuleza ukuze kubuyiselwe ibhalansi engcono kakhulu yeempawu.
Iifom zeMveliso ezifumanekayo ezivela kwiWomic Steel
Umbhobho ongenamthungo kunye neThubhu engenamthungo
- Ububanzi obungaphandle:6mm – 300mm
- Ubukhulu bodonga:1mm – 30mm
- Ubude:Ukuya kuthi ga kwi-12m
- Imigangatho:I-ASTM B622, i-ASTM B619, i-ASTM B626
- Izicelo:Izitshintshi zobushushu ezishushu kakhulu, iityhubhu zokukhusela i-thermocouple, iipayipi zenkqubo, imibhobho, ii-bellows ezishushu kakhulu
- Amagama angundoqo:Umbhobho ongenamthungo weHaynes 230, ityhubhu ye-UNS N06230, umbhobho we-2.4733, ityhubhu engenamthungo ye-alloy 230
Umbhobho odibeneyo
- Ububanzi obungaphandle:50mm – 1000mm
- Ubukhulu bodonga:1.0mm – 25mm
- Imigangatho:I-ASTM B619, i-ASTM B626
- Izicelo:Iipayipi zenkqubo ezinobubanzi obukhulu, izinto zesithando somlilo, iinkqubo zokufudumeza zemizi-mveliso
- Amagama angundoqo:Umbhobho odibeneyo weHaynes 230, umbhobho we-alloy 230 ERW, umbhobho we-nickel omkhulu
Ibha yentsimbi (Engqukuva, Esikwere, Esithe tyaba)
- Ububanzi:6mm – 355mm
- Umphezulu:Ijijekile ishushu, Igqamile (itsalwe kubanda), Iphantsi, Ijikile
- Imigangatho:I-ASTM B572, AMS 5891
- Izicelo:Izinto zokubopha, imiphini, iziqu zevalvu, isitokhwe somatshini wokugaya, izixhobo ze-furnace
- Amagama angundoqo:Ibha ejikelezileyo yeHaynes 230, i-UNS N06230 bar stock, i-nickel alloy bar, i-AMS 5891
Ipleyiti yentsimbi kunye nephepha
- Ubukhulu:1mm – 100mm
- Ububanzi:Ukuya kuthi ga kwi-2500mm
- Imigangatho:I-ASTM B435, AMS 5878
- Izicelo:Amaqokobhe eenqanawa, iipleyiti zokutshintsha ubushushu, izinto zeenkonkxa zokutsha, iindawo zesakhiwo, iindawo ezingenanto zeflange
- Amagama angundoqo:Ipleyiti yeHaynes 230, ishiti ye-alloy 230, ipleyiti ye-N06230, i-AMS 5878
Ikhoyili yentsimbi kunye ne-Strip
- Ubukhulu:0.05mm – 6.0mm
- Ububanzi:10mm – 1500mm
- Imigangatho:I-ASTM B435
- Izicelo:Izinto ezenziweyo, iintsimbi, iindawo zokwandisa, izitampu, izinto ezenziwe ngodonga oluncinci
- Amagama angundoqo:Ikhoyili yeHaynes 230, umcu we-nickel alloy, ikhoyili yobushushu obuphezulu
Iiflanges kunye neZilinganisi zePipe
- Iintlobo:Intamo eWeldiweyo, iSlip-On, iBlind, iSocket Weld, iThreaded, iLap Joint
- Ubungakanani:1/2" – 24"
- Uvavanyo loxinzelelo:Iklasi ye-150 - Iklasi yama-2500
- Imigangatho:I-ASTM B564, i-ASME B16.5, i-ASME B16.47
- Amagama angundoqo:Iiflanges zeHaynes ezingama-230, i-alloy 230 weld neck flange, izixhobo ze-N06230
Izinto zokufunxa
- Iintlobo:Iiringi, iidiski, imiphini, imizimba yevalvu, izinto zeturbine, iijometri ezenziwe ngokwezifiso
- Ubunzima:Ukuya kuthi ga kwi-3,000kg ngesiqwenga ngasinye
- Imigangatho:I-ASTM B564, AMS 5891
- Amagama angundoqo:I-Haynes 230 forging, i-alloy 230 ring, ibhloko eyenziweyo
Iivalvu zeHaynes 230
- Iintlobo:Iivalvu zebhola, iivalvu zesango, iivalvu zeglobe, iivalvu zokujonga
- Ubungakanani:1/2" – 12"
- Uvavanyo loxinzelelo:Iklasi ye-150 - Iklasi yama-2500
- Uluhlu lobushushu:-196°C ukuya ku +1149°C
- Imigangatho yoYilo:I-API 608, i-API 6D, i-ASME B16.34
- Izihlalo:I-Stellite enobuso obuqinileyo, i-RPTFE
- Ukusebenza:Isandla, i-Pneumatic, umbane
- Izicelo:Ukwahlulwa kwenkqubo yobushushu obuphezulu, ulawulo lwe-turbine yegesi, iinkqubo zesithando somlilo
Izicelo zeHaynes 230
Izixhobo zeTurbine zeGesi yeAerospace– IHaynes 230 isetyenziselwa iikani zokutsha, ii-transition ducts, izibambi zomlilo, ii-thermocouple sheaths, kunye nezinye izinto ezibalulekileyo ze-gas turbine. Ukudibanisa kwayo amandla obushushu obuphezulu, ukumelana ne-oxidation, kunye nokuzinza kobushushu kwenza ukuba ibe yinto ekhethwayo kwizicelo zeenqwelo-moya ezifuna kakhulu.
Ukuveliswa koMbane– Le ngxubevange isetyenziswa kwii-industrial gas turbine combustors, ii-transition ducts, kunye nezinye izinto ezishushu apho ukuvezwa ixesha elide kumaqondo obushushu angama-1200°F+ kufuna ukusebenza okugqwesileyo kwezinto.
Ukufudumeza kunye nokunyanga ubushushu kwimizi-mveliso– Izicelo ziquka iindlela zokubuyisela ubushushu esitovini, iitsheyini kunye nezixhobo, izigqubuthelo zelangatye zokutshisa, izinto zangaphakathi zokubuyisela ubushushu, ii-dampers, izinto zangaphakathi zokutshisa ezikhupha i-nitriding, iibhasikithi zokulungisa ubushushu, iigrate, iitreyi, iityhubhu ze-sparger, iityhubhu zokukhusela i-thermocouple, kunye nezinto zangaphakathi ze-cyclone.
Ishishini leNkqubo yeKhemikhali– IHaynes 230 isetyenziselwa ukuxhasa igridi ye-catalyst kwi-ammonia burners, iityhubhu zokukhusela i-thermocouple ezinamandla aphezulu, ii-heat exchangers ezinobushushu obuphezulu, ii-ducts, ii-bellows ezinobushushu obuphezulu, kunye nezinye izinto eziphambili zenkqubo. Ukumelana kwayo ne-nitriding kuyenza ibe luncedo kakhulu kwiindawo zokuvelisa i-ammonia.
Ukhuseleko lweThermocouple– Le ngxubevange isetyenziselwa iityhubhu zokukhusela i-thermocouple kwizicelo zobushushu obuphezulu apho kufuneka zombini ukumelana ne-oxidation kunye namandla oomatshini kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu.
IiBellows zobushushu obuphezulu kunye namaJoints okwandisa– Ukuzinza kobushushu be-alloy kunye nokumelana ne-oxidation kwenza ukuba ifaneleke kwiintsimbi zobushushu obuphezulu kunye namalungu okwandisa kwiinkqubo zemibhobho eziphantsi kobushushu obugqithisileyo kunye nokujikeleza kobushushu.
Imigangatho kunye neenkcukacha
| Ifomu yeMveliso | Umgangatho we-ASTM | Umgangatho we-AMS |
| Umbhobho/Ityhubhu Engenamthungo | I-ASTM B622, i-ASTM B619, i-ASTM B626 | — |
| Ibha/Intonga | I-ASTM B572 | I-AMS 5891 |
| Ipleyiti/Iphepha/Istrip | I-ASTM B435, i-ASTM B906 | I-AMS 5878 |
| Izinto zokufunxa | I-ASTM B564 | I-AMS 5891 |
| Ukutyunjwa kwe-UNS | N06230 | |
| Inombolo ye-Werkstoff | 2.4733 | |
| IsiTshayina Esilinganayo | GH3230 / GH230 | |
| Inkcazo ye-PWA | I-PWA 1163 | |
Imibuzo ebuzwa qho
Q: Yintoni i-alloy yeHaynes 230?
A: IHaynes 230 (UNS N06230) yi-alloy ye-nickel-chromium-tungsten-molybdenum edibanisa amandla aphezulu obushushu, ukumelana okugqwesileyo kwiindawo ezikhupha i-oxidizing ukuya kuthi ga kwi-1149°C (2100°F), ukumelana okuphezulu kwiindawo ezikhupha i-nitriding, kunye nokuzinza okugqwesileyo kobushushu bexesha elide.
Q: Ingakanani iqondo lobushushu eliphezulu lenkonzo yeHaynes 230?
A: Ukumelana ne-oxidation, iHaynes 230 ingasetyenziselwa ukuya kuthi ga kwi-2100°F (1149°C) xa ichaphazeleka ixesha elide. Ukuqina kwesakhiwo, i-alloy isebenza ngokukodwa xa isetyenziswa ixesha elide kumaqondo obushushu angama-1200°F (650°C) nangaphezulu.
Q: Yintoni umahluko phakathi kweHaynes 230 kunye neInconel 625?
A: IHaynes 230 iqulethe i-tungsten (13-15%) yokuqina okuphezulu kobushushu obuphezulu, ukumelana ne-nitriding, kunye nokuzinza kobushushu ukuya kuthi ga kwi-1149°C. I-Inconel 625 iqulethe i-molybdenum (8-10%) kunye ne-niobium, eyenzelwe ukumelana nokugqwala kumaqondo obushushu aphantsi. Khetha i-230 kwiindawo ezishushu kakhulu kunye neendawo ezitshisa kakhulu; khetha i-625 yokusetyenziswa kokugqwala kolwandle kunye neekhemikhali.
Q: Ingaba iHaynes 230 iyakwazi ukunyibilika ngokulula?
A: Ewe. I-alloy ingadityaniswa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, kuquka i-gas tungsten arc (GTAW), i-gas metal arc (GMAW), kunye ne-resistance welding. Ineempawu ezintle kakhulu zokubumba kunye ne-welding.
Q: Lithini igama lesiTshayina elithi Haynes 230?
A: Iiklasi ezilinganayo zaseTshayina yiGH3230 kunye neGH230. Ezi klasi zisetyenziselwa ukusetyenziswa kweenqwelo-moya ezisebenzisa ubushushu obuphezulu kunye nokuveliswa kwamandla.
Q: Zeziphi iifom zemveliso ezikhoyo kwiHaynes 230?
A: I-Womic Steel inika iHaynes 230 umbhobho ongenamthungo, umbhobho odibeneyo, ibha yentsimbi, ipleyiti yentsimbi, ikhoyili yentsimbi, umcu, iiflanges, izixhobo zepayipi, izixhobo zokufakelwa, kunye neevalvu. Iinkcukacha ezipheleleyo zemveliso kunye noluhlu lobungakanani zidweliswe kwicandelo lokufumaneka kwemveliso.
Qhagamshelana neWomic Steel
Iwebhusayithi: www.womicsteel.com
I-imeyile: sales@womicsteel.com
Ucingo / WhatsApp / WeChat:
UVictor: +86 15575100681
UJack: +86 18390957568
I-Womic Steel – Iqabane lakho elithembekileyo leHaynes 230 (UNS N06230, GH3230) umbhobho ongenamthungo, umbhobho odibeneyo, ibha yentsimbi, ipleyiti yentsimbi, ikhoyili yentsimbi, iiflanges, izixhobo, izixhobo zokufakelwa, kunye neevalvu ze-turbine yegesi ye-aerospace, ukufudumeza kwemizi-mveliso, ukuveliswa kombane, kunye nezicelo zokucubungula iikhemikhali ezishushu kakhulu kwihlabathi liphela. Ukulandeleka okupheleleyo, ukuthotyelwa kweKhowudi yeVessel ye-ASME, kunye namaxwebhu e-EN 10204 Type 3.1/3.2 ayafumaneka.










