I-Inconel 660 / I-Alloy 660 (UNS S66286 / SUH660 / GH2132) – I-Superalloy ye-Iron eQinisayo neNyukayo yeNkonzo yoBushushu obuPhezulu

Inkcazo emfutshane:

I-Inconel 660 (UNS S66286 / SUH660 / GH2132 /W.Nr. 1.4980) yi-superalloy eqiniswayo esekwe kwisinyithi enamandla aphezulu obushushu kunye nokumelana ne-oxidation ukuya kuthi ga kwi-704°C (1300°F). I-Womic Steel ibonelela nge-Inconel 660 kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zemveliso kuquka umbhobho ongenamthungo, umbhobho odibeneyo, i-steel bar, i-steel plate, i-steel coil, i-strip, ii-flanges, izixhobo, ii-forgings, i-wire, kunye nezibophelelo ze-aerospace, i-gas turbine, iimoto, iinyukliya, kunye nezicelo ze-petrochemical.

Thumela i-imeyile kuthi Iinkcukacha zeMveliso

Iinkcukacha zeMveliso

Iithegi zeMveliso

Isishwankathelo seMveliso

Le ngxubevange ikwaziwa ngokuba yi-AISI 660, iBanga 660, i-ASTM A453 iBanga 660, kwaye isetyenziswa kakhulu kwizicelo zokubopha kunye neziqhoboshi ezishushu kakhulu apho kufuneka amandla kunye nokumelana ne-oxidation. I-Inconel 660 yi-alloy yokuqinisa imvula efumana amandla angaqhelekanga ngonyango lobushushu olulawulwayo. Xa kuthelekiswa neentsimbi eziqinileyo ezisemgangathweni, iBanga 660 inika amandla aphezulu okuqhekeka kunye nokumelana ne-oxidation ephezulu kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu, okwenza ukuba ibe yinto eqhelekileyo kwizixhobo zeenjini zejethi, iziqhoboshi zeturbine, kunye nezicelo zeemoto ezisebenzayo kakhulu.

Yintoni i-Inconel 660?

I-Inconel 660 yi-superalloy ye-nickel-chromium esekwe kwisinyithi eqiniswa kukuna kwe-γ' [Ni₃(Al,Ti)] phase ngexesha lonyango lobushushu lokwaluphala. Le ngxubevange iqulethe malunga ne-24-27% ye-nickel, i-13.5-16% ye-chromium, kunye nokongezwa kwe-titanium (1.9-2.35%), i-aluminium (0.10-0.35%), i-molybdenum (1.0-1.5%), kunye ne-vanadium (0.10-0.50%). Yenzelwe ukusetyenziswa okufuna amandla aphezulu ukuya kuthi ga kwi-700°C kunye nokumelana okuhle ne-oxidation kunye nokugqwala.

Ibanga lama-660 laziwa ngezi zinto zilandelayo:

Amandla obushushu aphezuluukuya kuthi ga kwi-704°C (1300°F)
Ukumelana okugqwesileyo kokuqhekeka nokuqhekekakumaqondo obushushu aphezulu
Imvula iyaqinangokusebenzisa unyango oluqhelekileyo lokuguga kobushushu
Ukumelana kakuhle ne-oxidationukuya kuthi ga kwi-815°C
Ukuchasa ukuphumla koxinzelelokumaqondo obushushu aphezulu
Ayinamagnethiiipropati
Ukulungiswa kakuhlekunye nokusebenza ngomatshini

Ukwenziwa kweeKhemikhali

I-elementi	I-UNS S66286 (ASTM)	I-SUH660 (JIS)	I-GH2132 (GB)	Indima
I-Nickel (Ni)	24.0 – 27.0	24.0 – 27.0	24.0 – 27.0	Isiqinisi se-Austenite, ukumelana nokugqwala
I-Chromium (Cr)	13.5 – 16.0	13.5 – 16.0	13.5 – 16.0	Ukumelana ne-oxidation, i-carbide yangaphambili
I-Molybdenum (Mo)	1.0 – 1.5	1.0 – 1.5	1.0 – 1.5	Ukuqinisa isisombululo esiqinileyo
I-Titanium (iTi)	1.90 – 2.35	1.90 – 2.35	1.90 – 2.35	imvula ka-γ, ukuqina kobudala
I-Aluminiyam (Al)	0.10 – 0.35	≤ 0.35	≤ 0.35	imvula engu-γ'
I-Vanadium (V)	0.10 – 0.50	0.10 – 0.50	0.10 – 0.50	Ukucoca iingqolowa, i-carbide yangaphambili
IBoron (B)	0.003 – 0.010	0.001 – 0.010	0.001 – 0.010	Ukuqinisa imida yeenkozo
ICobalt (iNkampani)	≤ 1.00	≤ 1.00	≤ 1.00	Into eseleyo
Intsimbi (Fe)	Ibhalansi	Ibhalansi	Ibhalansi	Isiseko sento
Ikhabhoni (C)	≤ 0.08	≤ 0.08	≤ 0.08	I-Carbide yangaphambili
I-Silicon (Si)	≤ 1.00	≤ 1.00	≤ 1.00	I-Deoxidizer
IManganese (Mn)	≤ 2.00	≤ 2.00	≤ 2.00	I-Deoxidizer
I-Phosphorus (P)	≤ 0.025	≤ 0.040	≤ 0.030	Ukungcola
I-Sulfur (S)	≤ 0.025	≤ 0.030	≤ 0.020	Ukungcola

Iipropati zoomatshini

Imeko eyongeziweyo (Isisombululo esinyangiweyo)

Ipropati	I-ASTM A453 Ibanga 660
Tensile strength	≤ 724 MPa (105 ksi)
Ukwandiswa	≥ 25%
Ukuqina	≤ 91 HRB

Imeko Yokwaluphala (Ukuna Kwemvula Okuqinileyo)

Ipropati	I-ASTM A453 Ibanga 660	Okuqhelekileyo Okuphunyeziweyo
Tensile strength	≥ 965 MPa (140 ksi)	1,000 – 1,100 MPa
Amandla okuVuna (i-0.2% ye-Offset)	≥ 655 MPa (95 ksi)	700 – 800 MPa
Ukwandiswa	≥ 15%	18 – 25%
Ukuqina	24 - 35 HRC	28 – 32 HRC
Amandla okuhamba (650°C, 100h)	≈ 240 MPa
Amandla okuhamba (700°C, 100h)	≈ 210 MPa

Iipropati Zomzimba

Ipropati	Ixabiso
Uxinano	7.95 g/cm³
Uluhlu lokunyibilika	1371 – 1427°C
Ukuqhuba kweThermal	15.0 W/m·K kwi-150°C
I-Coefficient yokwandisa ubushushu (20-100°C)	16.8 × 10⁻⁶/°C
Imodulus ye-Elastic	201 GPa
Ukuvumeleka kweMagnetic	Ayinamagnethi

Iingenelo eziphambili ze-Inconel 660

Amandla obushushu aphezulu– I-Inconel 660 igcina amandla aphezulu okuxinana, ukudinwa, kunye nokuqhekeka ukuya kuthi ga kwi-704°C. Indlela yokuqinisa imvula ye-γ' inika amandla aphezulu obushushu obuphezulu xa kuthelekiswa neentsimbi eziqinileyo ze-austenitic stainless. I-alloy isetyenziswa rhoqo kwiibholithi ze-turbine kunye nezibophelelo apho ukumelana nokuphumla kubalulekile.

Ukumelana Okugqwesileyo Kokuqhekeka Komkhenkce– Le alloy ibonakalisa ukumelana okubalaseleyo kokuqhekeka xa kushushu kakhulu. Ubomi bokuqhekeka kokuqhekeka kwi-650°C budlula iiyure ezili-1,000 phantsi koxinzelelo oluphakathi, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ibe yinto ethembekileyo kwizicelo zenkonzo yobushushu obuphezulu bexesha elide.

Ukumelana kakuhle nokugqwala kunye ne-Oxidation– Ngomxholo we-chromium oyi-13.5-16%, i-Inconel 660 inika ukumelana okuhle ne-oxidation, i-scaling, kunye ne-corrosion yobushushu obuphezulu. I-alloy isebenza kakuhle kwiindawo ezi-oxidating ukuya kuthi ga kwi-815°C kwaye iyamelana neendlela ezahlukeneyo zokubola.

Ukuna kwemvula okuqinileyo– I-Inconel 660 inokomelezwa yimvula ngonyango lobushushu lokwaluphala. Umjikelo oqhelekileyo wokwaluphala (675-705°C, iiyure ezili-12-16) uphuhlisa iipropati ezifanelekileyo zoomatshini kwaye ubonelela ngokumelana okuhle koxinzelelo, nto leyo ibalulekileyo ekusebenziseni iibholti.

Ukumelana nokudinwa okuhle– Le ngxubevange inika ukumelana okuhle nokudinwa kunye nokudinwa kobushushu, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ifaneleke kwiindawo ezilawulwa ngumthwalo ojikelezayo kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu. Oku kubaluleke kakhulu kwiindawo ezisetyenziswa kwi-turbine kunye neendawo ze-injini.

Ukusebenza kakuhle kunye noomatshini– I-Inconel 660 inomatshini ongcono kunezinye ii-superalloys ezininzi. Ingaxutywa lula, ishushu, kwaye ibanda. I-alloy inokuxutywa kusetyenziswa i-TIG, i-MIG, kunye ne-resistance welding ngeentsimbi ezifanelekileyo.

Ibanga 660 vs. Inconel 718: Ukuthelekisa

Ipropati	I-Inconel 660 (iBanga 660)	Inconel 718
Isiseko se-Element	I-iron (ibhalansi) ene-24-27% Ni	I-Nickel (50-55%) kunye ne-18-20% ye-Fe
Isigaba Sokuqinisa	γ' (Ni₃(Al,Ti))	γ' (Ni₃Al) + γ'' (Ni₃Nb)
Amandla okuThamba (okwaluphala)	≥ 965 MPa	≥ 1,240 MPa
Ubungakanani bobushushu	Ukuya kuthi ga kwi-704°C	Ukuya kuthi ga kwi-700°C
Izicelo eziphambili	Iibholithi zeTurbine, izibophelelo, izikhonkwane, izinto zenjini yejethi	Iidiski zeTurbine, iimoto zerokethi, ioyile kunye negesi yeHPHT
Ixabiso	Ixabiso eliphantsi ngakumbi	Phezulu

Ukukhetha nini iBanga 660:Iinkqubo ezifuna ukubotshwa nokufakelwa okushushu kakhulu, izinto zenjini yejethi, iibholithi zeturbine, kunye neemoto ezisebenza kakuhle apho ixabiso lixhomekeke khona kwaye kufuneka amandla aphezulu ukuya kuthi ga kwi-700°C.

Ungayikhetha nini i-Inconel 718:Usetyenziso olufuna amandla aphezulu obushushu obuphezulu, ukuqina kokuqhekeka, kunye nokumelana nokuqhekeka kumaqondo obushushu afikelela kwi-700°C apho ixabiso lincinci.

Unyango lobushushu lwe-Inconel 660

I-Inconel 660 yi-alloy eqina ngokukhawuleza edinga unyango oluthile lobushushu ukuze kufezekiswe iipropati ezifanelekileyo zoomatshini:

Isisombululo sokuNxungulwa (Imeko A):

Ubushushu:980 – 1010°C (1800 – 1850°F)
Ixesha lokuntywila:Iyure e-1
Ukupholisa:Ukupholisa ngokukhawuleza (ukucima ioyile okanye amanzi)
Injongo:Nyibilikisa zonke iiprecipitates, ufumane i-austenite yesigaba esinye
Isiphumo:Ithambile, iyasebenza, ilungele ukwenziwa kunye nokufakelwa

Ukuqina kwemvula (Ukwaluphala – Imeko B):

Ubushushu:675 – 705°C (1250 – 1300°F)
Ixesha lokuntywila:Iiyure ezili-12 ukuya kwezili-16
Ukupholisa:Umoya opholileyo
Injongo:IFomu i-Ni₃(Al,Ti) γ' ihambisa amanzi okomeleza
Isiphumo:Amandla aphezulu kunye nokumelana nokuqhekeka

Ukuguga Kabini (Enye indlela):

Inqanaba lokuQala: 705°C kangangeeyure ezili-16, i-furnace iphole ukuya kuma-620°C
Inqanaba lesibini: 620°C kangangeeyure ezili-16, umoya upholile
Injongo:Lungiselela ukumelana noxinzelelo lokuphumla kwizicelo ze-bolting

Iifom zeMveliso ezifumanekayo ezivela kwiWomic Steel

Umbhobho ongenamthungo kunye neThubhu engenamthungo

Ububanzi obungaphandle:6mm – 200mm
Ubukhulu bodonga:1mm – 25mm
Ubude:Ukuya kuthi ga kwi-12m
Imigangatho:I-ASTM B639, i-ASTM B983, i-AMS 5731, i-AMS 5732, i-AMS 5737, i-AMS 5895
Izicelo:Iipayipi zenkqubo yobushushu obuphezulu, iityhubhu zokutshintsha ubushushu, imigca yezixhobo, iityhubhu zeenqwelo moya
Amagama angundoqo:Umbhobho ongenamthungo we-Inconel 660, ityhubhu yeBakala 660, umbhobho we-UNS S66286, ityhubhu ye-SUH660, umbhobho ongenamthungo we-1.4980

Ibha yentsimbi (Engqukuva, Eyisikwere, Ethe tyaba, Enehektha)

Ububanzi:6mm – 300mm
Umphezulu:Ijijekile ishushu, Igqamile (itsalwe kubanda), Iphantsi, Ijikile
Imigangatho:I-ASTM A453, i-ASTM B639, i-AMS 5731, i-AMS 5732, i-AMS 5734, i-AMS 5737
Izicelo:Iibholithi zeTurbine, izibophelelo, izikhonkwane, imiphini, iziqu zevalvu, isitokhwe somatshini wokugaya
Amagama angundoqo:Ibha engqukuva ye-Inconel 660, ibha yeBanga 660, intonga ye-SUH660, i-ASTM A453 yeBanga 660, izibophelelo zobushushu obuphezulu

Ipleyiti yentsimbi kunye nephepha

Ubukhulu:1mm – 100mm
Ububanzi:Ukuya kuthi ga kwi-2000mm
Imigangatho:AMS 5525, AMS 5858
Izicelo:Izixhobo zesitya soxinzelelo, iindawo zesakhiwo, iiblanks zeflange
Amagama angundoqo:Ipleyiti ye-Inconel 660, ishiti yebanga le-660, ipleyiti ye-alloy, ipleyiti yobushushu obuphezulu

Ikhoyili yentsimbi kunye ne-Strip

Ubukhulu:0.5mm – 4.0mm
Ububanzi:10mm – 1000mm
Imigangatho:I-AMS 5525
Izicelo:Izixhobo ezenziweyo, iintsimbi, izitampu
Amagama angundoqo:Ikhoyili ye-Inconel 660, umcu, umcu wobushushu obuphezulu

Iiflanges kunye neZilinganisi

Iintlobo:Intamo eWeldiweyo, etyibilikayo, eyimfama, eWeldiweyo yeSocket, efakwe imisonto
Ubungakanani:1/2" – 24"
Uvavanyo loxinzelelo:Iklasi ye-150 - Iklasi yama-2500
Imigangatho:I-ASTM A453, i-ASME B16.5
Amagama angundoqo:Iiflange ze-Inconel 660, izixhobo zeBanga 660

Izinto zokufunxa

Iintlobo:Iiringi, iidiski, imiphini, imizimba yevalvu, iijometri ezenziwe ngokwezifiso
Ubunzima:Ukuya kuthi ga kwi-3,000kg ngesiqwenga ngasinye
Imigangatho:I-ASTM A453, AMS 5731
Amagama angundoqo:I-Inconel 660 forging, iringi eyenziweyo, i-turbine component forging

Izinto zokubopha (iiBolts, iiNuts, iiStuds)

Iintlobo:Iibholithi zeHex, Izikrufu zentloko zeSocket, Iibholithi zeStud, Iintonga ezinemisonto, Amantongomane, IiWashers
Ubungakanani:M2 – M100, 1/4" – 4"
Imigangatho:I-ASTM A453 Ibanga 660, ASTM B637
Izicelo:Iibholithi zeTurbine, uqhagamshelo lweflange olushushu kakhulu, izibophelelo zesakhiwo
Amagama angundoqo:Iibholiti ze-Inconel 660, iibholiti ze-stud zeBakala 660, izibophelelo zobushushu obuphezulu, iibholiti ze-turbine

Iivalvu zeBanga lama-660

Iintlobo:Iivalvu zebhola, iivalvu zesango, iivalvu zeglobe, iivalvu zokujonga
Ubungakanani:1/2" – 12"
Uvavanyo loxinzelelo:Iklasi ye-150 - Iklasi yama-2500
Uluhlu lobushushu:-196°C ukuya ku +704°C
Imigangatho yoYilo:I-API 608, i-API 6D, i-ASME B16.34
Ukusebenza:Isandla, i-Pneumatic, umbane
Izicelo:Ukwahlulwa kwenkqubo yobushushu obuphezulu, imigca yomphunga we-turbine, ulawulo lwe-turbine yegesi

Usetyenziso lwe-Inconel 660

Inqwelo-moya– I-Inconel 660 isetyenziswa kakhulu kwiinxalenye ze-jet engine kunye ne-gas turbine kuquka ii-turbine bolts, ii-compressor disks, ii-turbine casings, ii-afterburner parts, ii-thrust reversers, kunye ne-injini mounting hardware. Ukudibanisa kwayo amandla obushushu obuphezulu, ukumelana nokudinwa, kunye nokumelana ne-oxidation kwenza ukuba ilungele ukusetyenziswa kweenqwelo-moya ezibalulekileyo. I-alloy yinto eqhelekileyo kwii-jet engine bolts kunye nee-fasteners ezisebenza kumaqondo obushushu afikelela kwi-700°C.

Ukuveliswa koMbane weTurbine yeGesi– Le ngxubevange isetyenziselwa iibholithi zeturbine, iistuds, kunye nezibophelelo kwiiturbine zegesi zoshishino, iiturbine zomphunga, kunye nezityalo zamandla ezidibeneyo. Ukumelana kwayo nokukhululeka koxinzelelo kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu kuqinisekisa uqhagamshelo oluthembekileyo lweebholithi ngobomi benkonzo ende.

Iimoto– I-Inconel 660 isetyenziswa kwiindawo zokugcina ii-turbocharger, kwii-exhaust manifolds, kwiinxalenye zeenjini zedizili, nakwii-fasteners zeemoto ezisebenza kakuhle. Ukukwazi kwayo ukumelana namaqondo obushushu egesi yokukhupha umoya kunye nokujikeleza kobushushu kuyenza ifaneleke kwiinjini zanamhlanje ezisebenza kakuhle nezisebenza kakuhle.

Amandla eNyukliya– Le ngxube isetyenziswa kwizixhobo ze-reactor zenyukliya, kwi-core internal, kwiindlela ze-control rod, nakwi-fasteners ezishushu kakhulu ezifuna ukuthembeka kwexesha elide kunye nokumelana nokukhanyiswa yi-neutron.

Ukucubungula iPetrochemical– I-Inconel 660 isetyenziswa kwii-reactors zeekhemikhali ezishushu kakhulu, iityhubhu zokulungisa, izinto ze-furnace, kunye neepayipi zenkqubo ezifuna amandla kunye nokumelana ne-oxidation kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu.

Ukubethela okushushu okuphezulu– Ibanga 660 lelona sixhobo siqhelekileyo sokusetyenziswa kweebholti ezisebenzisa ubushushu obuphezulu. Iibholti kunye nee-stud ze-ASTM A453 zebanga 660 zichazwe ngokubanzi kwiiflange zesitya soxinzelelo, ii-casing ze-turbine, kunye noqhagamshelo lweepayipi ezisebenzisa ubushushu obuphezulu ezifuna ukumelana nokuqhekeka kunye nokuphumla koxinzelelo.

Imigangatho kunye neenkcukacha

Umgangatho	Inkcazo
Ukutyunjwa kwe-UNS	S66286
Inombolo ye-Werkstoff	1.4980
I-AISI/SAE	660
I-ASTM A453	Iinkcukacha eziqhelekileyo ze-bolting enobushushu obuphezulu
I-ASTM B639	Ibha/intonga ye-alloy enobushushu obuphezulu
I-AMS 5525	Ipleyiti/iphepha/umcu
I-AMS 5731	Ibha, ucingo, izinto zokugquma
I-AMS 5732	Ibha, ucingo, izinto zokugquma
I-AMS 5734	Ibha, ucingo, izinto zokugquma
I-AMS 5737	Umbhobho kunye netyhubhu
I-AMS 5895	Ibha, ucingo, izinto zokugquma
I-JIS	I-SUH660
GB/T	GH2132
yaseYurophu	1.4980 / X6NiCrTiMoV25-15-2
I-ISO	X6NiCrTiMoV25-15-2

Imibuzo ebuzwa qho

Q: Yintoni i-Inconel 660?

A: I-Inconel 660 (UNS S66286 / SUH660 / GH2132) yi-superalloy esekwe kwi-precipitation-hardening superalloy esekwe kwi-iron enamandla aphezulu obushushu afikelela kwi-704°C. Iqiniswa yi-γ' precipitation ngonyango lobushushu oludala kwaye isetyenziswa kakhulu kwiibholithi ze-turbine, izibophelelo, kunye nezixhobo ze-jet engine.

Q: Yintoni umahluko phakathi kweBanga 660 kunye ne-Inconel 718?

A: I-Inconel 660 isekelwe kwisinyithi (ene-24-27% Ni, ibhalansi ye-Fe) inamandla okutsalwa ≥ 965 MPa, ngelixa i-Inconel 718 isekelwe kwi-nickel (50-55% Ni) inamandla okutsalwa ≥ 1,240 MPa. Ibanga 660 lingabizi kakhulu kwaye lisetyenziswa kakhulu ekutsalweni; i-Inconel 718 isetyenziselwa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla aphezulu.

Q: Ingakanani iqondo lobushushu eliphezulu lenkonzo ye-Inconel 660?

A: I-Inconel 660 inikwe umlinganiselo wenkonzo eqhubekayo ukuya kuthi ga kwi-704°C (1300°F). Ukumelana ne-oxidation, uhambo lwexesha elifutshane ukuya kuthi ga kwi-815°C (1500°F) lunokwenzeka. Amandla okuhamba ancipha kakhulu ngaphezu kwe-700°C.

Q: Ingaba i-Inconel 660 iyakwazi ukunyibilika ngokulula?

A: Ewe, i-Inconel 660 inokudityaniswa kusetyenziswa iinkqubo ze-TIG, MIG, kunye ne-resistance welding. Nangona kunjalo, ukudityaniswa kufuna ulawulo olucokisekileyo lokufakwa kobushushu kunye nokukhetha isinyithi sokuzalisa ukuze kuthintelwe ukuqhekeka okushushu. Ukutsalwa kwesisombululo emva kokudityaniswa nokuguga kunokufuneka ukuze kubuyiselwe iimpawu zoomatshini.

Q: Zithini ii-Inconel 660 ezilingana ne-China?

A: Ixabiso elilingana ne-Inconel 660 yaseTshayina yi-GH2132 (高温合金) kwizicelo zeenqwelo-moya kunye nobushushu obuphezulu, kwaye ixabiso elilinganayo nelaseJapan yi-SUH660.

Q: Zeziphi iifom zemveliso ezikhoyo ze-Inconel 660?

A: I-Womic Steel ibonelela nge-Inconel 660 ngepayipi engenamthungo, ipayipi edibeneyo, ibha yentsimbi, ipleyiti yentsimbi, ikhoyili yentsimbi, umcu, iiflanges, izixhobo, izinto zokugquma, ucingo, izibophelelo, kunye neevalvu. Iinkcukacha ezipheleleyo zemveliso kunye noluhlu lobungakanani zidweliswe kwicandelo lokufumaneka kwemveliso.

Q: Ngaba i-Inconel 660 ifuna unyango lobushushu?

A: Ewe. I-Inconel 660 ifuna i-solution annealing (980-1010°C) ilandelwe kukuguga (675-705°C kangangeeyure ezili-12-16) ukuze kufumaneke iipropati ezifanelekileyo zoomatshini. Unyango lokuguga lukhawulezisa isigaba se-γ' sokuqina.

Qhagamshelana neWomic Steel

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I-Womic Steel – Iqabane lakho elithembekileyo le-Inconel 660 / Grade 660 (UNS S66286, SUH660, GH2132) umbhobho ongenamthungo, intsimbi yentsimbi, ipleyiti yentsimbi, ikhoyili yentsimbi, iiflanges, izixhobo, izinto zokugquma, kunye neziqhoboshelo zeenqwelo-moya, i-turbine yegesi, ukuveliswa kwamandla, kunye nezicelo zokubopha ezishushu kakhulu kwihlabathi liphela. Ukulandelela okupheleleyo, isiqinisekiso soluntu lokwahlulwahlulwa, kunye namaxwebhu e-EN 10204 Type 3.1/3.2 ayafumaneka.