Izinto ezingundoqo (Ukuxhasa)
● SA-210 Gr.C / EN10216-2 (inkonzo yesinyithi sekhabhoni – ibhoyila ngokubanzi)
● I-SA-213 T91 (X10CrMoVNb9-1 / 1.4903 – intsimbi ye-alloy enganyangekiyo)
Ukufakwa kwengubo (i-CRA lining):
● TP304L (1.4306) – intsimbi engagqwaliyo e-austenitic yokumelana nokugqwala ngokubanzi
● I-UNS N08028 (1.4563 / I-Alloy 28) – i-Cr/Ni/Mo/Cu alloy ephezulu kwiindawo ezine-asidi kunye ne-chloride
● I-UNS N08825 (2.4858 / Incoloy 825) – i-alloy esekelwe kwi-nickel yegesi emuncu, i-H₂S/CO₂/chloride
Indlela yeNkqubo:Ukukhupha okushushu → ukugqiba okubandayo → unyango lobushushu → ukuqhotsa. Akukho mthungo ngokupheleleyo, akukho weld ende. Amandla okucheba i-metallurgical bond ≥300 MPa.
Uvavanyo kunye neSatifikethi:Uvavanyo lwe-hydrostatic oluyi-100%, uvavanyo lwe-ultrasonic ngokwe-ASTM E213 kunye ne-ISO 10893-10. Ukuthobela iCandelo lesiBini le-ASME Icandelo A, EN12952-2 (kubandakanya iCandelo C). Isatifikethi seMill EN 10204 Uhlobo 3.1 (Uhlobo 3.2 olunobungqina bomntu wesithathu obunganyanzelekanga).
Izicelo:Iindonga zamanzi ebhoyila, ii-superheater, ii-reheater, ii-heat exchangers ezixinzelelweyo, iiyunithi zokubuyisa ubushushu obumdaka, ii-sour service boiler feedwater heaters, izixhobo zokudlulisa ubushushu kwi-refinery.
Intsimbi yeWomicibonelela ngepayipi enesigqubuthelo esingenamthungo elandelekayo ngokupheleleyo eyenziwe ngokweekhowudi zaseYurophu neze-ASME. Khetha indibaniselwano yakho yesiseko kunye nesigqubuthelo. Ukuhlolwa komntu wesithathu kunye novavanyo lwamangqina kuyafumaneka. Qhagamshelana nathi ukuze ufumane amaphepha edatha obuchwephesha kunye nexabiso lokuhanjiswa.
1. Isishwankathelo seMveliso – Umbhobho weClad weMetallurgical ongenamthungo ophuma kwiHot Extrusion
Umbhobho ogqunywe ngentsimbi ongenamthungo wahlukile kakhulu kumbhobho ogqunywe ngoomatshini okanye umbhobho ogqunywe ngentsimbi. Umbindi kunye noqhoqhoqho zidityaniswa ngokusisigxina kukusasazwa kweeathomu ngexesha lokukhupha okushushu, okudala ikhonkco elingenako ukwahlukana phantsi kokujikeleza kobushushu, ukutyhafa koxinzelelo, okanye ukugoba.
Kutheni kungekho mthungo (akukho weld ende)?
Ii-longitudinal weld seams ziindawo ezinokwenzeka zokungaphumeleli xa kushushu kakhulu, kuxinzelelo oluphezulu. Ulwakhiwo olungenamthungo lususa ngokupheleleyo le ngozi. Inkqubo yokukhupha i-hot extrusion ikwaphucula ulwakhiwo lweenkozo, iphucula amandla okuqhekeka kunye nokumelana nokudinwa.
Kutheni kushushu kakhulu + kugqitywe kubanda + kunyangwa ngobushushu + kugalelwe ityuwa?
●Ukukhupha okushushu:Ifezekisa ukubopha kwesinyithi kuxinzelelo oluphezulu kunye nobushushu, inciphisa icandelo elinqamlezileyo ngo->8:1 - iqinisekisa ujongano lwesandi.
● Ukugqiba okubandayo (umzobo obandayo / ukuphanga):Ibonelela ngokunyamezelana okuchanekileyo kwe-OD kunye nobukhulu bodonga, ukugqitywa komphezulu okugqwesileyo, kunye neempawu zoomatshini ezandisiweyo ngokuqinisa umsebenzi (kulandele unyango olufanelekileyo lobushushu).
● Unyango lobushushu:Ibuyisela ukuguquguquka, inciphisa uxinzelelo, kwaye iphuhlise isakhiwo esifunekayo (umz., ukulungisa + ukufudumala kwe-SA-210 Gr.C kunye ne-T91; isisombululo sokufaka i-CRA layers).
● Ukukha:Isusa isikali se-oxide (magnetite, hematite) esisele ekusebenzeni okushushu kunye nonyango lobushushu. Isiphumo kukuba umphezulu ococekileyo ngokweekhemikhali, ongenasikali esifakwe ngaphakathi - okubalulekileyo kwixesha elide lebhoyila kunye ne-heat exchanger.
Le ndibaniselwano ivelisa ityhubhu ehlangabezana neemfuno ezingqongqo ze-ASME Section I, EN12952, kunye ne-PED 2014/68/EU.
2. Ukudibanisa izinto – Undoqo + Ugqunywe
Iindidi ezintathu eziceliweyo kakhulu ezivela kwiprojekthi zamandla kunye neeprojekthi zepetrochemical zichazwe ngezantsi. Nganye ijongana neseti eyahlukileyo yeemeko zenkonzo.
2.1 Umxube A: SA-210 Gr.C + TP304L (1.4306)
| Ipharamitha | Umongo (Ukuxhasa) | Ukubopha (CRA) |
| Izinto eziphathekayo | I-SA-210 Gr.C / EN10216-2 | TP304L (1.4306) |
| Umgangatho | Icandelo le-ASME II Icandelo A / EN10216-2 | I-ASME SA-213 / EN10088-3 |
| Ukusetyenziswa okuqhelekileyo | Iindonga zamanzi ebhoyila, izinto ezigcina uqoqosho, ii-superheaters ezishushu kancinci | Ukhuseleko oluqhelekileyo lokugqwala kumanzi ane-asidi encinci, ane-oxygen |
| Ubushushu obuphezulu benkonzo | ~450°C | ~400°C (kwimidiya erhabaxa) |
| Ubukhulu be-cladding | – | 1.5 – 3.0 mm |
| Iingenelo | Ukudityaniswa kakuhle, ixabiso eliphakathi, kufumaneka ngokubanzi | Ikhabhoni ephantsi ithintela uvakalelo; ukumelana kakuhle ne-oxidation kunye nokugqwala ngokubanzi |
Eyona ilungele:Iityhubhu zodonga zamanzi ebhoyila ezisetyenziswa ngamalahle apho umphezulu wangaphakathi udibana khona namanzi/umphunga ngokucoca ngeasidi okanye ukungcola okuncinci.
2.2 Ukudibanisa B: SA-213 T91 (1.4903) + UNS N08028 (I-alloy 28 / 1.4563)
| Ipharamitha | Umongo (Ukuxhasa) | Ukubopha (CRA) |
| Izinto eziphathekayo | Uhlobo 1 lwe-SA-213 T91 (X10CrMoVNb9-1) | I-UNS N08028 (i-alloy 28) |
| Umgangatho | Icandelo le-ASME II Icandelo A / EN10216 2 | SB 668 / EN10088-3 |
| Ukusetyenziswa okuqhelekileyo | Izifudumezi/izifudumezi-moya ezinobushushu obuphezulu, iibhoyila zobushushu obumdaka | I-asidi flue gas condensate (i-sulfuric/phosphorus acid), ii-chloride eziphezulu |
| Ubushushu obuphezulu benkonzo | 650°C (uluhlu lokuhambahamba) | 450°C (ikwinkonzo yokugqwala) |
| Ubukhulu be-cladding | – | 2.0 – 3.5 mm |
| Iingenelo | Amandla agqwesileyo okuqhekeka kwe-creep, ukumelana ne-oxidation | I-PREN 38-40; iyamelana nokuqhekeka kwemingxuma, ukubola kwemingxuma, kunye nokuqhekeka koxinzelelo kwi-chloride |
Eyona ilungele:Iinxalenye ze-superheater ze-boiler ezibaluleke kakhulu, ii-boilers zokubuyisa ubushushu obumdaka ezisezantsi kwezityalo ze-sulfuric acid, ii-boilers ze-biomass ezine-chlorine eninzi kwi-flue gas.
2.3 Umxube C: SA-210 Gr.C + UNS N08825 (Incoloy 825 / 2.4858)
| Ipharamitha | Umongo (Ukuxhasa) | Ukubopha (CRA) |
| Izinto eziphathekayo | I-SA-210 Gr.C / EN10216-2 | I-UNS N08825 (Incoloy 825) |
| Umgangatho | Icandelo le-ASME II Icandelo A / EN10216 2 | SB 163 / VdTUV 432 |
| Ukusetyenziswa okuqhelekileyo | Izifudumezi zamanzi ezisetyenziswa kwibhoyila, izitshintshi zobushushu zefektri yokucoca | Inkonzo emuncu (H₂S + CO₂ + chloride), enciphisa ii-asidi |
| Ubushushu obuphezulu benkonzo | ~450°C | ~450°C (kwinkonzo emuncu) |
| Ubukhulu be-cladding | – | 2.0 – 3.5 mm |
| Iingenelo | Isiseko esingabizi kakhulu, ukuqina okuhle | Ihambelana ne-NACE MR0175; iyamelana ne-SSC, i-HIC, kunye nokugqwala ngokubanzi kwi-H₂S emanzi |
Eyona ilungele:Izifudumezi zamanzi ezisetyenziswa kwiindawo zokulungisa igesi, ii-heat exchangers eziphatha izisombululo zamanzi okanye ze-amine eziveliswayo, nayiphi na inkonzo efuna ukuthembeka okuphezulu ngokuchasene nokugqwala okumuncu.
3. Inkqubo yoMveliso – Ukusuka kwiBillet ukuya kwiPickled Tube
Indlela yemveliso ilawulwa ngokungqongqo ukuqinisekisa ukuthembeka kwebhondi kunye nokulandeleka kwayo.
| Iqonga | Umsebenzi | Iiparameters eziphambili | Uhlolo |
| 1 | Indibano yebillet edityanisiweyo | I-core bored, i-CRA liner ifakiwe, ivacuum ivaliwe (≤10 Pa) | Imbonakalo, inobukhulu |
| 2 | Ukukhupha okushushu | 1150-1250°C, umlinganiselo wokunciphisa ≥8:1, isantya esilawulwayo | Ukurekhoda ubushushu, umfanekiso womphezulu okhutshiweyo |
| 3 | Ukugqiba okubandayo | Ukutsalwa okubandayo okanye ukuphanga (ukudlula okuninzi kunye nokutsalwa okuphakathi) | Ukujonga ubungakanani kwipasi nganye |
| 4 | Unyango lobushushu | Ukulungisa + ukupholisa isiseko; isisombululo sokucoca i-CRA (kuxhomekeke kudidi) | Itshati yobushushu bexesha erekhodwe, uvavanyo lobulukhuni |
| 5 | Ukukha | Ukuntywiliselwa kwibhafu ye-HNO₃+HF, kulandele ukuhlamba ngamanzi | Uvavanyo lokubona umphezulu, uvavanyo lokumanzisa, ukuqinisekiswa kokungabi nasikali |
| 6 | Ukulungisa nokusika | Ukulungisa ngokuchanekileyo, kunqunyulwe ngokobude obucwangcisiweyo | Ukuhlolwa kwe-laser kokuthe tye (≤1.5mm/m) |
| 7 | I-NDT kunye novavanyo lwe-hydro | NgokweCandelo lesi-4 | Iingxelo ezikhutshiweyo |
| 8 | Ukugqiba ukugqiba kunye nokupakisha | Iziphelo zeBevel (ukuba zichaziwe), ioyile, iikepusi zeplastiki | Uluhlu olubonakalayo, olupakishwayo |
4. Inkqubo yoHlolo noVavanyo – Ukuhlangabezana neMigangatho ye-ASME kunye ne-EN
Zonke iipayipi ezifakwe i-clad ezingenamthungo zivavanywa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo, olubhekiselele kwimigangatho echazwe ngumthengi: ASTM E213, ISO 10893-10, EN12952-2 (kuquka nenxalenye C), kunye ne-ASME SA-450.
| Uvavanyo | Umgangatho | Ububanzi | Ukwamkelwa |
| Uvavanyo lwe-Ultrasonic oluyi-100% (ukungafezeki kwexesha elide) | I-ASTM E213, ISO 10893-10 | Ubude betyhubhu epheleleyo, indlela yokuntywiliselwa ngokuzenzekelayo okanye indlela yokuthintana | Akukho mpendulo yesiphene idlula inqanaba lesalathiso; iziphene ezithe ngqo > ubude obamkelekileyo abuvunyelwanga |
| Uvavanyo lwe-hydrostatic | I-ASME SA-450 / EN12952-2 | Ityhubhu nganye, uxinzelelo loyilo oluyilwe yi-≥ 1.5×, ibamba imizuzwana eyi-≥10 | Akukho kuvuza, ukwandiswa okusisigxina ngaphakathi komda |
| Uvavanyo lokuxinana (izinto eziphambili) | SA-210 / SA-213 / EN10216-2 | Ngobushushu / ibhetshi nganye | Imveliso, ukuxinana, ubude buhlangabezana neemfuno ezithile |
| Uvavanyo lokuthamba | I-ASME SA-450 | Inye ngobushushu / ubungakanani | Akukho mifantu ide ide ibekwe umgama weplate = 2/3 OD (okanye ngokwemigangatho) |
| Uvavanyo lokuqina | EN12952-2 C | Isiseko kunye ne-cladding (ukhetho lwendawo yokubopha) | I-core ≤ spec, i-cladding ≤ spec |
| Imbonakalo kunye nobukhulu | SA-450 / EN12952-2 | 100% | OD, ubukhulu bodonga, ubude, ukugqitywa komphezulu, imeko ye-bevel |
Uvavanyo olongezelelweyo xa luceliwe:
● Amandla okucheba ibhondi (uvavanyo lokutyhala) nge-API 5LD nganye
● Ukugqwala kwe-intergranular (i-ASTM A262 Practice E yokubopha i-austenitic)
● Impembelelo yeCharpy (isiseko kubushushu obuchaziweyo)
● I-NACE TM0177 / TM0284 yenkonzo emuncu (kwiipayipi ezigqunywe yi-Incoloy 825)
● Ukuchongwa kwezinto ezichanekileyo (PMI) ze-cladding yi-XRF
Izatifikethi:EN 10204 Uhlobo 3.1 (oluqhelekileyo). Uhlobo 3.2 olunengqina lesithathu (SGS, BV, DNV, TÜV, ABS, LR) lufumaneka ngexabiso elongezelelweyo.
5. Uluhlu kunye nokunyamezelana kobukhulu
Umbhobho ogqunywe ngesinyithi ongenamthungo odlula kwi-extrusion eshushu + ukugqitywa okubandayo uhlala ufumaneka kwezi zinto zilandelayo:
| Ipharamitha | Uluhlu / Ukunyamezelana |
| Ububanzi obungaphandle (OD) | 25 mm – 168 mm (1″ – 6″). Iidayamitha ezinkulu zinokwenzeka ngenkqubo eyahlukileyo (umz., i-hot roll bonded + welded) – nxibelelana nathi ukuze ufumane iinkcukacha. |
| Ubukhulu bodonga oluphambili | 3 mm – 15 mm (kuxhomekeke kwi-OD kunye nomlinganiselo woxinzelelo) |
| Ubukhulu be-cladding | 1.5 mm – 3.5 mm (ubuncinci yi-1.5 mm kwibhondi ethembekileyo) |
| Ubude | 6 m – 15 m ubude; bude xa kucelwe ngokukodwa |
| Ukunyamezelana kwe-OD | ±0.5 mm kwi-OD <100mm; ±0.75% kwi-OD ≥100mm |
| Ukunyamezelana kobukhulu bodonga | ±10% (umbindi kuphela; ungqimba lulinganiswa ngokwahlukeneyo) |
| Ukuthe tye | ≤1.5 mm ngemitha nganye |
Ubukhulu obuqhelekileyo bungaxoxwa.
6. Izicelo ngokweenkcukacha
6.1 Iindonga zamanzi zeBoiler kunye neziQokeleli (Indibaniselwano A – SA-210+304L)
●Umsebenzi:Amanzi afunxa ubushushu obuvela kwigesi yolwelo. Umphezulu ongaphakathi unokubona iintlobo ezibolayo ezivela emanzini okanye ukucocwa ngeasidi ngamanye amaxesha. I-304L cladding imelana nokunyuka kwe-pH ephantsi kwaye ithintela ukuqhekeka kwemingxuma.
● Inzuzo ngaphezu kwentsimbi yekhabhoni engenanto:Isusa isidingo sokulinganisa iikhemikhali okanye inciphisa ukugqwala, ivumela iindonga ezincinci kunye nolwakhiwo olukhaphukhaphu.
6.2 IiSuperheaters kunye neeReheaters (Indibaniselwano B – T91+Alloy 28)
● Umngeni:Ukubola ecaleni komphunga, kunye negesi yeflue yangaphandle equlethe isalfure kunye nekloride kubangela ukubola kobushushu obuphezulu. I-T91 inika amandla okuqhekeka; I-Alloy 28 iyamelana nokubola kwe-flue gas dew point ngexesha lokuqalisa/ukuvala.
● Inzuzo yentsimi:Ixesha elide lokusebenzisa ityhubhu phakathi kokucima kwayo, umngcipheko oncitshisiweyo wokuvaleka kwe-oxide ecaleni komphunga.
6.3 IiHeater zeFeedwater zeNkonzo emuncu (Indibaniselwano C – SA-210+Incoloy 825)
Okusingqongileyo:Ii-H₂S eziphezulu, i-CO₂, iikloride kwicala lamanzi/lomphunga. Intsimbi yekhabhoni iya kusilela ngenxa yokuqhekeka koxinzelelo lwe-sulfide kwiinyanga ezimbalwa. Ityhubhu ye-Incoloy 825 clad inika ukusebenza okuqinisekileyo kwenkonzo emuncu kunye nokonga iindleko okukhulu xa kuthelekiswa ne-825 eqinileyo.
6.4 Izitshintshi zobushushu eziXinzelelo oluPhezulu (zonke iindibaniselwano)
Izitshintshi zobushushu zeShell kunye neetyhubhuapho ulwelo olusecaleni kwetyhubhu ludlaka kodwa icala leqokobhe alidlaka. Iityhubhu ezigqunyiweyo zivumela ukusetyenziswa kwephepha letyhubhu yentsimbi yekhabhoni (ene-CRA lining) kunye nokugqunywa okugcweleyo ngaphakathi kwetyhubhu.6.5 Ukubuyiswa kobushushu obungafunekiyo (ingakumbi izityalo ze-sulfuric acid)
Icala legesi eshushu:ukuya kuthi ga kwi-600°C; i-T91 yangaphandle (okanye i-SA-210 enokupholisa okwaneleyo). Izikhonkwane zomphezulu wangaphakathi ziyanyibilikisa i-asidi condensate – I-Alloy 28 okanye i-304L iyamelana nohlaselo. Uyilo olungenamthungo luthintela ukuvuza ngokusebenzisa ii-welds ezinde ezinokuba yintlekele kwinkonzo ye-asidi.
Imeko Yomphezulu – Ifakwe I-Pickled & Passivated
Imeko eqhelekileyo yokuhanjiswa kwazo zonke iindibaniselwano ezintathu yilei-pickled kwaye ingasetyenziswa.
●Ukukha:Isusa isikali sobushushu (ii-iron oxides) ezenziwe ngexesha lokukhupha ubushushu kunye nonyango lobushushu. I-acid bath (HNO₃ + HF) iyanyibilikisa isikali ngaphandle kokuhlasela kakhulu isinyithi esisisiseko.
● Ukunyamezela:Emva kokucola, ifilimu encinci ye-oxide etyebileyo kwi-chromium izenzekela ngokuzenzekelayo kwiindawo zentsimbi engagqwaliyo kunye ne-nickel alloy, nto leyo ephucula ukumelana nokugqwala.
● Inzuzo:Ilungele ukufakwa – akukho mfuneko yokucoca okanye ukudutyulwa kweembumbulu. Ifanelekile kwiinkonzo zamanzi acocekileyo kakhulu kunye neekhemikhali ezinobuthathaka.
● Unyango olukhethekileyo lomphezulu:Ukutshiza ngeoyile ukuthintela ukugqwala kwexesha elifutshane (kwintsimbi yekhabhoni evezwe eziphelweni) - chaza ukuba kuyimfuneko.
● Ukuba kufuneka ugqibezele umphezulu owahlukileyo (umz., ukupolisha, ukudubula, akukho pickling), nceda ucele ngexesha loku-odola.
8. Amaxwebhu asemgangathweni kunye nokulandeleka
Ukuthunyelwa ngakunye kuquka idosi esemgangathweni epheleleyo:
● Isatifikethi se-EN 10204 Uhlobo lwe-3.1(uhlalutyo lweekhemikhali zomongo kunye ne-cladding, iziphumo zokuxinana komongo, ukuqinisekiswa kovavanyo lwe-hydrostatic, isishwankathelo sengxelo ye-UT)
●Ingxelo yokuhlolwa kobukhulu(OD, WT, ubude oburekhodwe ngephakheji nganye)
●Iilog ezipheleleyo zovavanyo lwe-ultrasonic(okanye isishwankathelo esinengxelo yokwamkelwa)
●Iitshathi zonyango lobushushu(iijika zobushushu bexesha) zebhetshi
●Ingxelo yenkqubo yokukha(ubungakanani be-asidi, ubushushu, ubude bexesha)
●Uluhlu lokupakisha kunye ne-invoyisi yorhwebo
●Ukhetho:Isatifikethi se-EN 10204 Uhlobo lwe-3.2 esinobungqina bomntu wesithathu (umrhumo owongezelelweyo)
Onke amaxwebhu adityaniswe neenombolo zobushushu ezifakwe kwityhubhu nganye (isitampu se-die esinoxinzelelo oluphantsi ngokwe-ASME SA-450).
9. Ukuhanjiswa kunye noLawulo lweeNkqubo
●Ukupakisha okuqhelekileyo:Izigqubuthelo zeplastiki, ezibotshelelwe kwiibhanti ezibotshelelwe ngentsimbi ezinee-spacers zokhuni (ze-OD encinci) okanye ii-cradles ezahlukeneyo (ze-OD enkulu). Isigqubuthelo esingangeni manzi semithwalo yolwandle.
●Imigaqo yokuthumela:I-FOB Shanghai/Tianjin (eyona ixhaphakileyo), i-CFR, i-CIF ukuya nakweyiphi na izibuko elikhulu. Silungiselela isikhongozeli okanye siqhekeze inqwaba.
●Ixesha lokunika umvuzo (uqikelelo):
● Umdibaniso A (SA-210+304L):Iiveki ezili-12-14 ukusuka ekuqinisekisweni kweodolo (kuxhomekeke kwisitokhwe sezinto)
● Umxube B (T91+Alloy 28):Iiveki ezili-16-20 (ukuthengwa kwe-alloy ekhethekileyo)
● Umdibaniso C (SA-210+Incoloy 825):Iiveki ezili-16-20 (umthombo we-Incoloy 825)
Ixesha elincitshisiweyo lokufumana ii-odolo eziphindaphindwayo linokwenzeka.
●Ubungakanani obuncinci be-odolo:Akukho MOQ ingqongqo kwiimilinganiselo zovavanyo (umz., iimitha ezili-100-200). Qhagamshelana nathi ukuze ufumane amaxabiso amancinci.
10. Imibuzo Ebuzwa Rhoqo (Imibuzo Ebuzwa Rhoqo) – EzobuGcisa kunye nezoRhwebo
Q1: Kutheni uchaza umbhobho ogqunywe ngaphandle komthungo endaweni yombhobho ogqunywe ngentsimbi edibeneyo?
A: Umbhobho ogqunywe ngomthungo uneakukho mthungo we-weld weld ojikelezayonokuba kusembindini okanye kwi-cladding. Oku kususa indawo yokusilela enokubakho phantsi kokudinwa kobushushu, inkonzo ye-hydrogen, okanye uxinzelelo oluphezulu. Kwakhona kuthintela nayiphi na ingozi yokusikwa kwe-weld okanye ukungabikho kokudibana okunokubangela ukubola. Kwiityhubhu zebhoyila kunye ne-heat exchanger ekufuneka zidlule kwiimfuno zekhowudi engqongqo (ASME Section I, EN12952), i-seamless idla ngokuba yimfuneko.
Umbuzo 2: Ngaba ungawunika umbhobho ogqunyiweyo one-CRA ngaphandle endaweni yangaphakathi?
A: Ewe. Inkqubo yokukhupha inkunkuma ingaguqulwa: beka i-CRA kwi-OD kunye nentsimbi yekhabhoni/i-alloy kwi-ID. Nceda ucacise xa ubuza.
Q3: Ingakanani amandla ebhondi ye-cladding?
A: Amandla okucheba aqhelekileyo alinganisiweyo avela kuvavanyo lokutyhala yi-≥300 MPa. Oku kudlula kakhulu iimfuno ze-API 5LD okanye nawuphi na umgangatho ovunyiweyo. Kwityhubhu ebotshelelwe nge-extrusion-bonded, i-interface ithathwa njengengenakwahlulwa phantsi kwemithwalo yenkonzo eqhelekileyo.
Umbuzo 4: Ngaba wenza uvavanyo lwe-ultrasonic kwi-ASTM E213 okanye kwi-ISO 10893-10?
A: Sixhotyiswe ukuvavanya ngokwemigangatho yomibini. Ngokwesiqhelo sinikezela nge-ISO 10893-10 kwii-odolo eziya eYurophu kunye ne-ASTM E213 yokuthobela i-ASME. Nceda uchaze ukhetho lwakho; singenza uvavanyo oludibeneyo.
Umbuzo 5: Kuthekani nge-EN12952-2 inxalenye C – ngaba unyango lwakho lobushushu kunye novavanyo luyahambelana?
A: Ewe. Imijikelo yethu yokulungelelanisa + yokulinganisa ilawulwa kwaye irekhodwa njengoko kufuneka yi-EN12952-2 C. Ukuphindaphinda kovavanyo loomatshini, ukuthamba, kunye novavanyo lwe-hydrostatic kufikelela okanye kudlule umgangatho. Singabonelela nge-matrix yokuthobela umthetho.
Umbuzo 6: Ngaba umphezulu womphunga ufanelekile kwinkonzo yeoksijini/ihydrogen/yomphunga ococekileyo?
A: Ukukhahlela kususa ii-oxides kodwa kunokushiya intsalela ye-asidi okanye ukufuma. Kwizicelo ezicocekileyo kakhulu, sicebisa ezinyeukususa amafutha kunye nokudlulisa ivumba(ayifakwanga kwi-pickling eqhelekileyo). Nceda ucacise le mfuneko.
Umbuzo 7: Ndingazichaza njani imilinganiselo echanekileyo yomxube ngamnye?
A: Nika:
● Ububanzi bangaphandle (OD) bombhobho ogqityiweyo
● Ubukhulu bodonga oluphambili (intsimbi engasemva)
● Ubukhulu be-cladding (CRA)
● Ubude obunye (umz., 6m, 12m) kunye nobude obupheleleyo (m) ngokudibanisa ngakunye
Umbuzo 8: Ngaba ungazibonelela ezi tyhubhu zigqunyiweyo ngendlela egobileyo ye-U?
A: Ewe, singayigoba ityhubhu egqityiweyo yokugoba (ukugoba okubandayo nge-mandrel) kulandele unyango lokunciphisa uxinzelelo kunye ne-100% NDT yecandelo eligobileyo. Nceda ucele ikowuteshini eyahlukileyo yee-U-bends.
Umbuzo 9: Zeziphi iindlela zokuhlola ezikhoyo zomntu wesithathu?
A: Sisebenza rhoqo ne-SGS, i-BV, i-DNV, i-TÜV, i-ABS, kunye ne-LR. Umhloli unokubona zonke okanye iimvavanyo ezikhethiweyo (i-hydro, i-UT, i-tensile, i-dimensional). Emva koko sikhupha izatifikethi ze-EN 10204 Type 3.2.
Umbuzo 10: Ngaba niyazigcina ezi payipi zigqunyiweyo?
A: Sidla ngokuvelisa ngokwe-odolo. Nangona kunjalo, izinto eziqhelekileyo ezifana ne-SA-210+304L kwiidayamitha ezidumileyo (umz., 63.5×4.88×1.65mm, ubude obuyi-6m) zinokufumaneka kwibhetshi yangaphambili - nceda ubuze.
Umbuzo 11: Ithini ithelekiso yeendleko xa ithelekiswa netyhubhu ye-alloy eqinileyo ephezulu?
A: Kwireyithingi efanayo yoxinzelelo, ityhubhu egqunyiweyo (umz., T91+Alloy 28) idla ngokubiza imali eninziNgaphantsi ngama-40-50%kunetyhubhu ye-Alloy 28 eqinileyo enobukhulu obulinganayo be-OD kunye nodonga. Kwi-SA-210+Incoloy 825, ukonga kungaba yi-50-60% xa kuthelekiswa ne-solid 825. Uqoqosho oluchanekileyo luxhomekeke kubukhulu be-cladding kunye nezinto ezisisiseko.
Umbuzo 12: Ngaba unamava ngesatifikethi seVdTUV (umz., kwi-Incoloy 825 ngeVdTUV 432 nganye)?
A: Ewe. Sinike iipayipi ezivaliweyo kubaqhubi bezityalo baseJamani abafuna imvume yeVdTUV. Singaqesha umhloli wezakhiwo ogunyazisiweyo ukuze amkele izinto zeVdTUV aze anikezele ngamaxwebhu afunekayo.
Umbuzo 13: Zigqitywa njani iziphelo zetyhubhu?
A: Eqhelekileyo: isikwere esisikiweyo esingenanto, esisusiweyo. Ngokuzikhethela: esijikiweyo (30-35°), esinomgca (wee-couplings zoomatshini), okanye esijikiweyo. Iziphelo ezijikiweyo zinokubonelelwaibhotolo ye-CRA(umaleko wentsimbi ye-alloy weld ehambelanayo ebusweni bevel) ukuthintela ukuxinana ngexesha lokudityaniswa kwentsimi. Nceda ucacise.
Umbuzo 14: Bungakanani ubukhulu obuncinci be-cladding bond ukuze kubekho i-extrusion bond ethembekileyo?
A: I-1.5 mm yeyona nto ibalulekileyo kwipayipi evaliweyo enomthungo. Kwimibhobho evaliweyo engaphantsi kwe-1.5 mm, ukuthembeka kwebhondi kuyancitshiswa; singacebisa ukuba ipayipi evaliweyo edibeneyo ibekwe endaweni yoko. Kwiimvume ezininzi zokugqwala, i-2.0 ukuya kwi-2.5 mm iqhelekile.
Umbuzo 15: Ngaba kukho umda wobude obuphezulu bombhobho ogqunywe ngaphandle komthungo?
A: Amandla okushicilela i-extrusion anciphisa ubude obunye ukuya kuthi ga kwi-15 m kwiidayamitha ezingaphantsi kwe-100 mm. Kwiidayamitha ezinkulu, ubude obuphezulu buhlala bufutshane (12 m). Ukuba kufuneka ubude obude (umz., ukuze kujikeleziswe), singahlola ukuba kunokwenzeka na ukutsala iziqwenga ezinde kwiityhubhu zomama ezikhutshiweyo.
11. Nxibelelana neWomic Steel ukuze ufumane iKoteshini yoBugcisa
Ukuba unemibuzo malunga nombhobho ogqunywe ngesinyithi ongenamthungo – okhutshwe eshushu, ogqityiweyo kubanda, olungiswe ngobushushu, kwaye ofakwe i-pickle – nceda uthumele uluhlu lwemixube efunekayo (umbindi + ugqunywe, ubukhulu, ubungakanani, ubude, inqanaba lesiqinisekiso). Siza kuphendula ngesibonelelo sobugcisa esineenkcukacha, ixesha lokuhambisa, kunye nexabiso.
Iwebhusayithi: www.womicsteel.com
I-imeyile: sales@womicsteel.com
Ucingo / WhatsApp / WeChat:
UVictor: +86 15575100681
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