Ipayipi ye-T91+Alloy 28 Bimetal Metallurgical Clad | Ityhubhu engenamthungo enganyangekiyo yobushushu obuphezulu + ukugqwala – Intsimbi yeWomic Umfanekiso obonisiweyo

Ipayipi ye-T91+Alloy 28 Bimetal Metallurgical Clad | Ubushushu obuphezulu + ityhubhu engenamthungo enganyangekiyo yokuGqwala – iWomic Steel

Inkcazo emfutshane:

Umbhobho we-T91+Alloy 28 onamatheliswe ngesinyithi onamatheliswe ngentsimbi. I-T91 yangaphandle (X10CrMoVNb9-1) inika amandla okuqhekeka ukuya kuthi ga kwi-650°C; i-inner Alloy 28 (UNS N08028) imelana ne-chloride ephezulu, i-sulfuric/phosphorus acid, kunye neemeko ezimuncu. Yenziwe nge-centrifugal casting + hot extrusion - ayinamathelwano ngokupheleleyo, ayina-longitudinal weld. Ifanelekile kwiityhubhu ze-superheater, ii-waste heat boilers, ii-chemical heat exchangers ezinobushushu obuphezulu.

Thumela i-imeyile kuthi Iinkcukacha zeMveliso

Iinkcukacha zeMveliso

Iithegi zeMveliso

Ngaphandle (Inkxaso)

Ngaphandle (Inkxaso):I-T91 (X10CrMoVNb9-1 / 1.4903 / A213 T91) – intsimbi enganyangekiyo yi-martensitic creep, enenkonzo ephezulu ye-650°C

Ingaphakathi (Ukubopha):I-alloy 28 (UNS N08028 / 1.4563 / Sandvik 28) - i-Cr / Ni / Mo / Cu austenitic alloy ephezulu, i-PREN 38-40

Uluhlu Lobukhulu:OD 38mm – 168mm; Ubukhulu bodonga lwangaphandle 4mm – 15mm; Ubukhulu be-cladding 1.8mm – 3.5mm; Ubude obunye ukuya kuthi ga kwi-15m

Inkqubo:Ukuphoswa kweCentrifugal + i-extrusion eshushu – amandla okucheba i-metallurgical bond ≥300 MPa

Imigangatho:I-ASTM A213 (T91), i-API 5LD (umbhobho ogqunyiweyo), i-NACE MR0175, i-PED 2014/68/EU

Izicelo:Ii-superheaters/izifudumezi-moya zebhoyila ezibaluleke kakhulu, iiyunithi zokubuyisa ubushushu obumdaka (izityalo ze-sulfuric acid), izitshintshi-bushushu ezishushu eziphezulu zee-hydrocarbons ezine-chlorine, izityalo ze-biomass/izityalo ezisebenzisa inkunkuma ukuya kumandla

1. Isishwankathelo - Kutheni i-T91+Alloy 28 Clad Pipe

Inkonzo yobushushu obuphezulu idla ngokuba yingxaki: into enamandla ngokwaneleyo ukuba ingasinda ekuqhekekeni (njenge-T91) iyabola kwiigesi ezirhabaxa okanye kwimijelo yenkqubo; i-alloy enganyangekiyo kukubola (njenge-Alloy 28) ayinawo amandla obushushu aphezulu kwaye ibiza kakhulu.

Umbhobho we-T91 + Alloy 28 bimetal cladisombulula oku ngokwahlula imisebenzi:

lI-T91 yangaphandleijongene nobushushu obuphezulu (umz., igesi yolwelo kwi-600-650°C) kwaye inika amandla okuqhekeka kwe-creep.

lI-Alloy yangaphakathi 28iphatha ulwelo olubolayo (umz., i-acid condensate, ii-chloride) kumphezulu wayo ongaphakathi.

Indibaniselwano yiingenamthungo– akukho mthungo welding weld omxinwa – ngenxa yenkqubo ye-centrifugal casting + inkqubo ye-hot extrusion. Oku kususa indawo ebuthathaka efumaneka kwiipayipi ezifakwe i-welded.

Amalungiselelo aqhelekileyo apho i-T91+Alloy 28 igqwesa khona:

Uqwalaselo	Icala langaphandle	Icala langaphakathi	Umzekelo
I-superheater yebhoyila	Igesi yolwelo (650°C, i-oxidizing)	Umphunga (450 550°C, ococekileyo)	I-T91 iyamelana ne-oxidation yangaphandle; i-Alloy 28 ayifuneki? Enyanisweni icala lomphunga alifuni i-alloy ekhethekileyo. Umzekelo ongcono:Umtshintshi wobushushu apho ulwelo olubolayo luhamba khona ngaphakathi– I-T91 ngaphandle ithatha ubushushu obuphezulu begesi; I-Alloy 28 ngaphakathi iyamelana nokugqwala.
Ukusetyenziswa ngokuchanekileyo kwesiqhelo:Faka ityhubhu kwibhoyila yobushushu benkunkuma esezantsi kwesityalo se-sulfuric acid – ishushu (~500°C) igesi ye-SO₂/SO₃ ngaphandle (iimpambo ze-T91 ziyaqhekeka), i-asidi enyibilikisiweyo inokuxinana ngaphakathi ngexesha lokuphazamiseka (i-Alloy 28 resists). Ikwasetyenziswa kwiiibhoyila zebhayomassapho i-chlorine kwigesi eshushu ibangela ukugqwala kobushushu obuphezulu – I-Alloy 28 isetyenziswa njenge-inner liner? Kungcono ukubeka i-cladding ecaleni lomlilo. Kodwa uyilo lwethu lubeka i-cladding ngaphakathi, ibuyele umva ngaphandle. Masiphinde siyifake: Umbhobho ogqunyiweyo ungajoliswa nangayiphi na indlela. I-Womic inokuvelisa nge-CRA kwi-ID (yokugqwala kwangaphakathi) okanye kwi-OD (yokugqwala kwangaphandle). I-T91+Alloy 28 idla ngokubonelelwaI-Alloy 28 kwi-IDkunye ne-T91 kwi-OD.

Ukuze kucace gca:I-T91 yangaphandle (OD) inika amandla oxinzelelo kunye nokumelana nokuqhekeka; I-Alloy 28 yangaphakathi (ID) imelana nokugqwala okuvela kulwelo lwenkqubo.Ukuba ingxaki kukugqwala kwangaphandle, singaziguqula iileya.

2. Iinkcukacha zezinto ezibonakalayo

2.1 Ulwakhiwo lweeKhemikhali (Oluqhelekileyo, %)

I-elementi	I-T91 (Ngaphandle)	I-Alloy 28 (Ngaphakathi)
Ikhabhoni (C)	0.08–0.12	≤0.03
I-Silicon (Si)	0.20–0.50	≤0.50
IManganese (Mn)	0.30–0.60	≤2.00
I-Phosphorus (P)	≤0.020	≤0.030
I-Sulfur (S)	≤0.010	≤0.015
I-Chromium (Cr)	8.0–9.5	26.0–28.0
I-Nickel (Ni)	≤0.40	29.0–32.0
I-Molybdenum (Mo)	0.85–1.05	3.0–4.0
I-Copper (Cu)	—	0.6–1.4
I-Vanadium (V)	0.18–0.25	—
I-Niobium (Nb)	0.06–0.10	—
I-nitrogen (N)	0.03–0.07	—

2.2 Iipropati zoomatshini (Ubushushu begumbi)

Ipropati	T91	I-alloy 28
Amandla okuKhula (min, MPa)	415	220
Amandla okuThamba (min, MPa)	585	500
Ukwandiswa (ubuncinci, %)	20	30
Ubunzima (ubuninzi, HB)	250	230

2.3 Amandla obushushu aphezulu (T91)

Ubushushu (°C)	Amandla okuqhekeka kwe-100,000h (MPa)	Amandla okuKhula (i-MPa)
550	150	320
600	100	280
620	80	260
650	50	220

I-Alloy 28 inqunyelwe kwi-~450°C xa isebenza ngokugqwala kodwa inokumelana namaqondo obushushu aphezulu esinyithi phantsi kweemeko ezingogqwaliyo.

2.4 Ukumelana Nokugqwala (i-Alloy 28)

Okusingqongileyo	Ukuchasa
I-asidi ye-sulfuric (zonke iindawo ezixutyiweyo)	Igqibelele kakhulu ukuya kuthi ga kwi-80°C
I-asidi ye-phosphoric	Igqwesile
Iikloridi (imingxuma / umngxuma)	I-PREN 38-40, i-CPT ~50°C
I-H₂S + CO₂ + iikloride	Igqibelele (inkonzo emuncu)
Ii-asidi ze-organic	Igqwesile

I-Alloy 28 idlula i-316L kunye ne-904L kwiindawo ezine-chloride ephezulu + i-asidi kwaye iyafana ne-Alloy 825 kwiimeko ezininzi.

3. Inkqubo yoMveliso – Ukusika iCentrifugal engenamthungo + ukukhupha

Inyathelo	Inkcazo
1. Ukuphoswa kwetyhubhu ye-Alloy 28 nge-centrifugal	I-alloy 28 melt iphoswa nge-centrifugally kwityhubhu enodonga olungqindilili engenanto.
2. Faka kwaye udibanise	I-Alloy 28 blank ifakwe kwi-billet yentsimbi ye-T91 (eyenziwe ngomatshini kwangaphambili ukuze ilingane).
3. Ukukhupha okushushu	I-billet edibeneyo itshiswa ukuya kwi-1150-1200°C kwaye ikhutshwe ngedayi. Umlinganiselo ophezulu wokunciphisa (≥8:1) udala ikhonkco le-metallurgical kwindawo yokudibanisa. I-extrusion ikwaphucula isakhiwo seengqolowa.
4. Ukutsalwa okubandayo / ukuphanga (ukhetho)	Kwimilinganiselo eqinileyo okanye ububanzi obuncinci, kusetyenziswa iindlela ezininzi zokubanda kunye ne-intermediate annealing.
5. Unyango lobushushu	Ukulungisa (1050°C) + ukufudumala (760°C) kwi-T91; I-Alloy 28 sisicombululo esifakwe kwi-anneal ngexesha elifanayo.
6. Ukulungisa nokugqiba	Ukulungisa ngokuchanekileyo, ukusika ngokobude, ukujika kube mhlophe.
7. I-NDT kunye novavanyo	Jonga iCandelo 4.

4. Ulawulo loMgangatho kunye noVavanyo

Uvavanyo	Indlela	Ububanzi	Ukwamkelwa
Uhlalutyo lweekhemikhali	Ii-OES	Ubushushu ngabunye (zombini iileya)	Ngokweenkcukacha zezinto ezibonakalayo
I-Bond UT	Umzimba opheleleyo, ubude + ukucheba	Ityhubhu ekhutshiweyo eyi-100%	Akukho disbond >50mm
Ukutsalwa @ RT	Isampuli ende	Ngebhetshi nganye	Idibana nezinto ezithile
Ubushushu obuphezulu obuqinileyo	600°C (ukhetho)	Ngesicelo ngasinye	Ingxelo
Ukuqhekeka kwe-creep	600°C / 650°C (ukhetho)	Ngesicelo ngasinye	Ingxelo
Uvavanyo lokuthamba	Ngokwe-ASTM A1016	Iqashiso ngalinye	Akukho mifantu
Uvavanyo lwe-hydrostatic	Uxinzelelo loyilo lwe-1.5 ×	Ityhubhu nganye	Akukho kuvuza
Uvavanyo lobukhulu	Iimayikromitha / ileza	100%	OD, WT, ubude
Ukugqwala kwe-intergranular	I-ASTM A262 Practice E (kwi-Alloy 28)	Ngesicelo ngasinye	Akukho kuhlaselwa

Amaxwebhu:EN 10204 Uhlobo 3.1 (oluqhelekileyo) okanye Uhlobo 3.2 (ingqina lesithathu).

5. Uluhlu Lwemilinganiselo

OD (mm)	Inkxaso (T91) Ubunzima (mm)	Ubungakanani bokugquma (i-alloy 28) Ubunzima (mm)	Ubude obuphezulu (m)
38.1	4.0 – 8.0	1.8 – 2.5	15
44.5	5.0 – 8.0	1.8 – 2.5	15
51.0	5.0 – 10.0	2.0 – 2.8	15
63.5	5.0 – 12.0	2.0 – 3.0	15
76.2	6.0 – 12.0	2.0 – 3.0	15
88.9	6.0 – 12.0	2.0 – 3.0	15
101.6	6.0 – 12.0	2.0 – 3.0	15
114.3	6.0 – 12.0	2.0 – 3.0	12
141.3	8.0 – 15.0	2.2 – 3.5	12
168.3	8.0 – 15.0	2.5 – 3.5	12

I-OD enkulu inokwenzeka nge-hot roll bonding (umthungo odibeneyo) - nxibelelana nathi ukuze ufumane iinkcukacha.

6. Izicelo eziqhelekileyo

● Iityhubhu ze-superheater/reheater zebhoyila ezibaluleke kakhulu– apho ubushushu becala legesi yolwelo budlula i-600°C kwaye icala lomphunga okanye iidiphozithi zangaphakathi zifuna ukukhuselwa kokugqwala.

●Iibhoyila zokubuyisa ubushushu obumdaka kwizityalo ze-sulfuric acid– igesi eshushu ye-SO₂/SO₃ ngaphandle, umngcipheko wokuqina kwe-asidi ebuthathaka ngaphakathi. I-T91 inika amandla okuqhekeka; I-Alloy 28 iyamelana nokuhlaselwa yi-asidi.

●Izitshintshi zobushushu obuphezulu kwiikhabhohayidrokroni ezikhlorini– ulwelo lwangaphakathi luqulethe iikloride kunye nee-organic acids ukuya kuthi ga kwi-400°C; i-Alloy 28 ithintela ukuqhekeka kunye ne-SCC.

●I-biomass / inkunkuma eya kwizityalo zamandla– igesi yolwelo ine-chlorine kunye ne-alkali salts; ityhubhu egqunywe yi-T91+Alloy 28 (ene-Alloy 28 kwicala lomlilo) yandisa ubomi betyhubhu.

●Izipholisi zeHydrogen reformer / syngas– inkonzo apho kukho khona ubushushu obuphezulu kunye nokugqwala ngenxa yezinto ezingcolisayo ezilandelelanayo.

7. Kutheni iWomic Steel yeT91+Alloy 28

●Ulwakhiwo olungenamthungo– akukho mthungo we-weld weld ohlala ixesha elide, osusa indawo yokusilela eqhelekileyo kwinkonzo yokujikeleza yobushushu obuphezulu.

● Indlela yokukhupha eqinisekisiweyo– Sinamava okuvelisa iityhubhu ezincinci, ezigqunywe ngodonga oluncinci ukuze zisetyenziswe kwibhoyila nakwi-heat exchanger.

● Ubuchule bokugoba u-U– Ukugoba okubandayo ngonyango lobushushu; inokubonelela ngezinto ze-superheater ezenziwe ngokupheleleyo.

● Ukulandeleka ngokupheleleyo– Ityhubhu nganye iphawulwe ngamanani obushushu e-T91 kunye ne-Alloy 28.

● Isiqinisekiso– EN 10204 Uhlobo 3.2 luyafumaneka; ingasebenza ne-TÜV, i-BV, okanye i-DNV ukuze kuthotyelwe ikhowudi yebhoyila.

8. Imibuzo Ebuzwa Rhoqo

Q: Ngaba i-T91+Alloy 28 ingasetyenziselwa inkonzo ye-hydrogen enoxinzelelo oluphezulu?
A: I-T91 ichaphazeleka lula yi-hydrogen embrittle xa ishushu kakhulu. Kwinkonzo ye-hydrogen, sicebisa intsimbi ethambileyo ene-alloy ephantsi + 316L okanye i-Inconel 625 clad. Nxibelelana nathi ukuze ufumane iingcebiso ezithile.

Q: Ingaba i-Alloy 28 cladding isoloko ikwi-ID?
A: Uqwalaselo lwethu oluqhelekileyo yi-Alloy 28 kwi-ID (kwicala lolwelo). Kwizicelo apho ukugqwala kwangaphandle kuyingxaki (umz., igesi yolwelo egqwalisayo eshushu kakhulu ngaphandle), singavelisa ityhubhu egqunyiweyo ene-Alloy 28 kwi-OD. Nceda ucacise indlela ojongwa ngayo xa uodola.

Q: Bungakanani ubukhulu obuncinci be-cladding bond obunokuthenjwa?
A: Kwi-extrusion engenamthungo, i-1.5mm yeyona nto incinci isebenzayo. Kwi-corrosion allowance enzima, sicebisa ukuba i-≥2.0mm ingasetyenziswa.

Q: Ngaba ungabonelela ngee-U-bends?
A: Ewe. Senza ukugoba okubandayo nge-mandrel, kulandele unyango olupheleleyo lobushushu (ukunciphisa uxinzelelo okanye ukulungisa + ukufudumala) kunye ne-100% NDT yecandelo eligobileyo.

Q: I-Alloy 28 ithelekiswa njani ne-Incoloy 825?
A: I-Alloy 28 ine-Cr kunye ne-Ni ephezulu, i-Mo ephantsi kancinci, kwaye iqulethe i-Cu. Ifana kakhulu nokumelana nokugqwala ngokubanzi. I-Alloy 28 idla ngokubiza kancinci eYurophu; i-Incoloy 825 ixhaphake kakhulu kwiiprojekthi ze-spec zase-US. Zombini zingasetyenziselwa inkonzo efanayo ye-acidic/chloride. Sinikezela ngazo xa ziceliwe.