I-SA-213 T91 / UNS N08028 (i-Alloy 28) Umbhobho weClad yeMetallurgical engenamthungo | I-Creep Resistant Core + i-High Alloy Cladding yoBushushu obuPhezulu kunye neNkonzo ye-Acidic - iWomic Steel

Inkcazo emfutshane:

Umbhobho ogqunywe ngentsimbi ongenamthungo – i-core SA 213 T91 (X10CrMoVNb9-1 / 1.4903) ene-UNS N08028 (i-Alloy 28 / 1.4563) egqunywe ngaphakathi. Yenziwe nge-hot extrusion, igqityiwe kubanda, ilungiswe ngobushushu, kwaye ityiwe. Yenzelwe ii-superheaters ze-boiler ezibaluleke kakhulu, iiyunithi zokubuyisela ubushushu obumdaka kwizityalo ezine-asidi, ii-boilers ze-biomass ezine-chlorine ephezulu, kunye nee-heat exchangers zeekhemikhali ezishushu kakhulu apho zombini amandla okuqhekeka kunye nokumelana nokugqwala kuyimfuneko.

Thumela i-imeyile kuthi Iinkcukacha zeMveliso

Iinkcukacha zeMveliso

Iithegi zeMveliso

Izinto ezingundoqo (Ukuxhasa)

Izinto ezingundoqo (Ukuxhaswa):I-SA-213 T91 (X10CrMoVNb9-1 / 1.4903) – intsimbi enganyangekiyo yi-martensitic creep, 9%Cr, 1%Mo, V+Nb; ubushushu obuphezulu benkonzo yi-650°C

Isigqubuthelo (i-CRA liner):I-UNS N08028 (i-Alloy 28 / 1.4563) – i-austenitic high alloy (27%Cr, 31%Ni, 3.5%Mo, 1%Cu); I-PREN 38-40; iyamelana ne-sulfuric/phosphorus acid, ii-chloride eziphezulu, kunye neendawo ezimuncu

Uluhlu Lobukhulu:OD 38 – 168 mm; Ubukhulu bodonga oluphambili 4 – 15 mm; Ubukhulu be-cladding 2.0 – 3.5 mm; ubude obunye ukuya kuthi ga kwi-15 m

Inkqubo:Ukukhupha okushushu → ukugqiba okubandayo → unyango lobushushu (ukulungisa + ukufudumala kwe-T91, isisombululo sokudibanisa i-Alloy 28) → ukucoca. Ingenamthungo ngokupheleleyo, akukho weld ende. Amandla okucheba i-Metallurgical bond ≥300 MPa.

Imigangatho:Icandelo lesiBini le-ASME Icandelo A (SA-213/SA-213M), EN10216-2 (ye-T91), ASTM SB-668 (N08028), EN10088-3 (1.4563), EN12952-2, ASTM E213, ISO 10893-10.

Uvavanyo:I-100% hydrostatic, i-ultrasonic ngokwe-ASTM E213/ISO 10893-10, ukuthamba (igumbi kunye nobushushu obuphezulu), ubulukhuni, ukuthamba, kunye novavanyo lokugqwala olungenaziphene phakathi kwegranular (ASTM A262 Practice E) lokufaka isigqubuthelo. Isatifikethi se-EN 10204 Uhlobo lwe-3.1 (Uhlobo lwe-3.2 alunaziphene).

Izicelo:Ii-super-supercritical boiler final superheaters/reheaters (650°C), ii-waste heat recovery boilers kwizityalo ze-sulfuric acid, ii-biomass/waste-to-energy boilers (i-chlorine corrosion), ii-heat exchangers ezishushu kakhulu kwii-hydrocarbons ezikhloriniweyo, ii-refinery heaters ezine-sulfur/chloride feed eninzi.

Intsimbi yeWomicIbonelela ngepayipi ye-T91+Alloy 28 clad – isisombululo esigqibeleleyo sokuqhekeka kobushushu obuphezulu kunye nokugqwala okukhulu. Ingqinwe ekuveliseni umbane, izityalo ze-asidi, kunye nenkunkuma ephucukileyo. Ukulandeleka okupheleleyo, ukuhlolwa komntu wesithathu kulungile. Qhagamshelana nathi ukuze ufumane idatha yobugcisa kunye nesicatshulwa esithile seprojekthi.

1. Kutheni i-SA-213 T91 + UNS N08028 (Alloy 28) Clad Pipe ifanele ibe yi-SA-213 T91 + UNS N08028 (Alloy 28) Clad Pipe?

1.1 Umngeni

Izinto ezimbini ngokwahlukeneyo azikwazi ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zenkonzo egqithisileyo:

● I-T91 (X10CrMoVNb9-1)Inika amandla abalaseleyo okuqhekeka kwe-creep ukuya kuthi ga kwi-650°C kunye nokumelana okuhle kwe-oxidation, kodwa ukumelana kwayo nokugqwala kwiindawo ezine-asidi, i-chloride ephezulu, okanye ezimuncu kunqongophele. I-flue gas condensate (i-sulfuric/phosphoric acid) okanye ii-process-side chloride zihlasela ngokukhawuleza i-T91.

●I-Solid Alloy 28 (UNS N08028)Inika ukumelana okugqwesileyo ne-sulfuric acid, i-phosphoric acid, ii-chloride eziphezulu, kunye nokuqhekeka koxinzelelo lokubola. Nangona kunjalo, ibiza kakhulu kwaye ayinawo amandla okuqhekeka afunekayo kwi-boiler enoxinzelelo oluphezulu, kunye nobushushu obuphezulu.

1.2 Isisombululo

●Umbhobho ogqunywe nge-T91+Alloy 28idibanisa isiseko se-T91 esityebileyo (esiphatha uxinzelelo kunye nokuqhekeka) kunye nomaleko obhityileyo (2-3.5 mm) wangaphakathi we-Alloy 28 (ephatha ukubola). I-bond ihambelana ne-metallurgical - akukho kudilika kwe-liner, akukho ukubola kwe-cravice. Isiphumo:

●Isiseko se-T91iqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa kweCandelo le-ASME I / EN12952 ukuya kuthi ga kwi-650°C ubushushu besinyithi.

● Isigqubuthelo se-alloy 28Iyamelana nokuxinana kwe-sulfuric acid, ii-chloride eziphezulu, kunye nee-organic acids, ikhusela umbhobho ngaphakathi.

●Ixabisoingaphantsi ngama-40-60% kunetyhubhu ye-solid Alloy 28 enomlinganiselo ofanayo woxinzelelo.

Olu didi lusetyenziswa kakhulu kwezi zinto zilandelayo:

●Icandelo lokugqibela le-superheater / i-reheateriibhoyila ezisebenzisa amalahle kakhulu apho uhlaselo lwegesi yolwelo (ngenxa yamalahle anesalfure amaninzi) lwalusebenzisa i-T91 yodwa.

●Iibhoyila zokubuyisa ubushushu benkunkuma (i-WHRB)ngezantsi kwezityalo ze-sulfuric acid – igesi iqulethe i-SO₃, kwaye ngexesha lokuqalisa, i-asidi iyancipha kwiindawo zeetyhubhu.

●Iibhoyila ze-biomass / inkunkuma ibe ngamandla– i-chlorine eninzi kwi-fuel ibangela ukugqwala okukhulu; I-Alloy 28 cladding kwicala lomlilo (okanye icala langaphakathi, kuxhomekeke kwindlela ebekwe ngayo) yandisa ubomi betyhubhu kakhulu.

●Izitshintshi zobushushu obuphezulukwiinkqubo zeekhemikhali ezibandakanya iihydrocarbons ezikhlorini okanye ii-asidi ezishushu.

1.3 Indlela yeMveliso

Ukukhupha okushushu + ukugqiba okubandayo + unyango lobushushu + ukuqhotsa. Le nkqubo iqinisekisa ityhubhu engenamthungo engenazo ii-weld seams ezinde, eyona ndawo ixhaphakileyo yokusilela kumbhobho ogqunywe nge-weld phantsi kokudinwa kobushushu.

2. Iinkcukacha zezinto eziphathekayo – I-T91 Core kunye ne-Alloy 28 Cladding

2.1 Ulwakhiwo lweeKhemikhali (% ngobunzima)

I-elementi	I-SA 213 T91 (engundoqo)	I-UNS N08028 (i-Alloy 28 / i-Cladding)
Ikhabhoni (C)	0.08 – 0.12	≤0.03
I-Silicon (Si)	0.20 – 0.50	≤0.50
IManganese (Mn)	0.30 – 0.60	≤2.00
I-Phosphorus (P)	≤0.020	≤0.030
I-Sulfur (S)	≤0.010	≤0.015
I-Chromium (Cr)	8.0 – 9.5	26.0 – 28.0
I-Molybdenum (Mo)	0.85 – 1.05	3.0 – 4.0
I-Nickel (Ni)	≤0.40	29.0 – 32.0
I-Copper (Cu)	—	0.6 – 1.4
I-Vanadium (V)	0.18 – 0.25	—
I-Niobium (Nb)	0.06 – 0.10	—
I-nitrogen (N)	0.03 – 0.07	—
Intsimbi (Fe)	Ibhalansi	Ibhalansi

I-T91 yintsimbi ekwaziyo ukumelana nokuqhekeka kwe-martensitic; i-Alloy 28 yi-alloy ephezulu ye-austenitic ene-Cr, Ni, Mo, kunye ne-Cu ephezulu - enika ukumelana okugqwesileyo kwii-asidi zokunciphisa kunye ne-oxidizing, i-chloride pitting, kunye ne-SSC.

2.2 Iipropati zoomatshini (Ubushushu begumbi)

Ipropati	I-T91 Core	I-Alloy 28 Cladding
Amandla okuKhula (min, MPa)	415	220
Amandla okuThamba (min, MPa)	585	500
Ukwandiswa (ubuncinci, %)	20	30
Ubunzima (ubuninzi)	250 HB	230 HB

2.3 Amandla okuKhasela obushushu obuphezulu (i-T91 Core)

Ubushushu (°C)	Amandla okuqhekeka kwe-100,000h (MPa)	Umda we-Creep we-0.2% (MPa)
550	150	120
580	120	95
600	100	80
620	80	60
650	55	40

I-Alloy 28 ayenzelwanga ukuthwala umthwalo kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu; indima yayo kukukhusela ukugqwala kuphela. I-core ye-T91 ithwala umthwalo woomatshini.

2.4 Ukumelana nokugqwala kwe-Alloy 28 Cladding

Okusingqongileyo	Inqanaba lokuxhathisa
I-asidi ye-sulfuric (uxinzelelo lwe-0-80%, ukuya kuthi ga kwi-80°C)	Igqwesile
I-Phosphoric acid (zonke iindawo ezixutyiweyo)	Igqwesile
I-Hydrochloric acid (inyibilikisiwe, ubushushu begumbi)	Kulungile
Iikloridi (imingxuma / umngxuma)	PREN 38-40; ubushushu obubalulekileyo bokufaka imingxuma (CPT) ~50°C
I-H₂S + CO₂ + iikloride (inkonzo emuncu)	Igqwesile; Ithobela i-NACE MR0175
Ii-asidi ze-organic (i-acetic, i-formic, njl.njl.)	Igqwesile

*I-Alloy 28 iphumelela kakhulu kune-316L, 904L, kunye ne-254SMO kwiindidi ezininzi ze-acid + chloride.*

2.5 Ujongano lweBond

Ipropati	Ixabiso
Uhlobo lwebhondi	I-Metallurgical (ukusasazwa)
Amandla okucheba (tyhala ngaphandle)	≥300 MPa (iqinisekisa ukuba akukho kususwa kombane phantsi komjikelo wobushushu)
Umda weziphene owamkelekileyo we-UT	Akukho disbond >50 mm; iyonke disbond <2% yendawo yojongano

2.6 Uluhlu Lwemilinganiselo

OD (mm)	Ubunzima obungundoqo (mm)	Ubunzima bokugquma (mm)	Ubude obuphezulu (m)
38.1	4.0 – 8.0	2.0 – 2.5	15
44.5	5.0 – 8.0	2.0 – 2.8	15
51.0	5.0 – 10.0	2.0 – 3.0	15
63.5	5.0 – 12.0	2.0 – 3.0	15
76.2	6.0 – 12.0	2.2 – 3.0	15
88.9	6.0 – 12.0	2.5 – 3.2	15
101.6	6.0 – 12.0	2.5 – 3.5	15
114.3	8.0 – 15.0	2.5 – 3.5	12
141.3	8.0 – 15.0	2.5 – 3.5	12
168.3	10.0 – 15.0	3.0 – 3.5	12

*I-OD enkulu (ukuya kuthi ga kwi-500 mm) inokwenzeka ngokusebenzisa i-hot roll bonding + JCOE; qhagamshelana ukuze ufumaneke.*

3. Inkqubo yoMveliso – Ukukhupha okushushu, Ukugqiba okubandayo, Unyango lobushushu, Ukukhaba

Indlela yokuvelisa ijongana ngqo neemfuno ezahlukeneyo zonyango lobushushu ze-martensitic T91 kunye ne-austenitic Alloy 28.

Inyathelo	Inkcazo	Amanqaku oLawulo
1. I-billet edibeneyo	I-T91 billet bored, i-Alloy 28 tube insert. Ivalwe nge-vacuum (<10 Pa).	Ukucoceka komphezulu; ukuxinana
2. Ukukhupha okushushu	1180 1220°C, umlinganiselo wokunciphisa ≥8:1.	Ubushushu, isantya, ukuthambisa
3. Ukupholisa umoya	Emva kokukhupha umoya, umoya wetyhubhu upholile (utshintsho lwe-martensitic luqala).	Izinga lokuphola
4. Ukugqiba okubandayo	Ukutsalwa okubandayo / ukuhambahamba ukuya kubukhulu bokugqibela.	Iipasi ezininzi, i-intermediate anneal (thambisa i-Alloy 28).
5. Unyango lobushushu (olubalulekileyo)	Ukulungisa kwi-1040-1060°C (umoya okanye ukupholisa ngokukhawuleza) + ukupholisa kwi-760-780°C. Oku kufezekisa isakhiwo se-T91 sokugqibela (i-martensite epholileyo). Kwangaxeshanye, i-Alloy 28 cladding ixutywe nesisombululo.	Irekhodi yesithando somlilo, uvavanyo lobunzima
6. Ukukha	Ibhafu ye-HNO₃+HF isusa isikali se-oxide kwi-T91 kunye ne-Alloy 28.	Ixesha, ubushushu, uxinaniso lwe-asidi
7. Lungisa kwaye usike	Njengoko kubonisiwe kubude bokugqibela.	Ukuqonda ngokuthe tye ≤1.5mm/m
8. I-NDT kunye ne-hydro	NgokweCandelo lesi-4	Ukulandeleka ngokupheleleyo
9. Gqibezela ukugqiba	I-Bevel / i-plain; ibhotolo ekhethiweyo (i-Alloy 625 okanye i-Alloy 28 filler ebusweni be-bevel).	Imilinganiselo

Uphawu lomgangatho oluphambili:Unyango lobushushu luvelisa isiseko se-T91 esinamandla okuqhekeka afanelekileyo kunye ne-Alloy 28 cladding enokumelana ngokupheleleyo nokugqwala, konke kumjikelo omnye.

4. Uhlolo noVavanyo – Ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ze-ASME, EN, kunye ne-Client

Kwipayipi egqunywe nge-T91+Alloy 28, sisebenzisa inkqubo engqongqo, kuquka iimvavanyo ezilungele ngokukodwa inkonzo yobushushu obuphezulu.

Uvavanyo	Umgangatho	Ububanzi	Ukwamkelwa
Uhlalutyo lweekhemikhali	Ii-OES	Ubushushu ngabunye (umbindi kunye ne-cladding)	I-ASME SA-213 T91, i-ASTM SB-668
I-Ultrasonic (i-longitudinal kunye ne-bond)	I-ASTM E213 + ISO 10893-10	100%	Akukho siphene singamkelekiyo, ingqibelelo yebhondi
Uvavanyo lwe-hydrostatic	I-ASME SA-450 / EN12952-2	Ityhubhu nganye	Akukho kuvuza, ulwandiso oluhlala luhleli lulungile
Ukutsalwa (ubushushu begumbi)	I-ASME / EN	Ngobushushu ngabunye (umbindi)	I-T91: YS≥415 MPa, TS≥585 MPa
Ubushushu obuphezulu obuqinileyo	600°C (ukhetho)	Ngobushushu ngabunye	Iza kuxelwa (hayi iinkcukacha ezincinci)
Uvavanyo lokuqhekeka kwe-creep	600°C okanye 650°C	Ngesicelo ngasinye	Ukhetho; itshajwa ngokwahlukeneyo
Ukuqina (umbindi kunye ne-cladding)	HV10	Iqela	I-T91 ≤250 HV; I-Alloy 28 ≤230 HV
Uvavanyo lokuthamba	SA 450	Ngobushushu / ubungakanani ngabunye	Akukho mifantu xa ucinezelwe yi-2/3 OD
Ukugqwala kwe-intergranular	I-ASTM A262 Practice E (kwi-Alloy 28)	Ngebhetshi nganye (ukhetho)	Akukho kuhlaselwa phakathi kwe-granular
I-PMI (XRF)	Ukuchonga izinto ezilungileyo	Ityhubhu nganye (ukhetho)	Qinisekisa inqanaba le-alloy

Amaxwebhu:EN 10204 Uhlobo 3.1. Uhlobo 3.2 olunomntu wesithathu ohlola izinto (SGS, BV, DNV, TÜV njl.njl.) olufumanekayo.

5. Izicelo ngokweenkcukacha

5.1 I-Superheater yokugqibela yeBoiler ebukhali kakhulu/ephinda ifudumale

Ingxaki:Igesi yolwelo lwamalahle enesulfure ephezulu ine-SO₃ ethi, xa ikhutshwa okanye iqalwa, ijike ibe yi-sulfuric acid kwiindawo zeetyhubhu. I-Standard T91 inengxaki yokungcoliswa kwemigodi kunye nokuchithwa kwayo.
Isisombululo:Umbhobho ogqunywe yi-T91+Alloy 28 one-Alloy 28 kwicala lomlilo (okanye ngaphakathi ukuba une-two-pass). I-T91 core igcina amandla okuqhekeka kwi-600-620°C; i-Alloy 28 iyamelana nokuhlaselwa yi-asidi. Izityalo zamandla ezininzi zaseTshayina naseYurophu ziye zamkela olu yilo.

5.2 Ibhoyila yokubuyisela ubushushu obungafunekiyo kwizityalo zeSulfuric Acid

Inkqubo:Igesi eshushu (600°C, equlethe i-SO₂, SO₃) ingena kwibhoyila yobushushu obumdaka ukuze ivelise umphunga. Ngexesha lokucima, i-SO₃ idibana nokufuma ukuze yenze i-sulfuric acid exineneyo, ethi ijike kwiityhubhu ezibandayo.
Isisombululo:I-Alloy 28 cladding kwicala legesi (OD) okanye i-ID kuxhomekeke kuyilo. I-T91 inika ukumelana okufunekayo kokuqhekeka. Olu dibaniso ngoku luqhelekile kwizityalo ezininzi ezintsha ze-sulfuric acid.

5.3 Iibhoyila zeBiomass / zeNkunkuma eziya kuMandla

Umngeni:I-Biomass (ingca, iinkuni, ipetroli ephuma kwinkunkuma) ine-chlorine (KCl, NaCl). Kwi-500-600°C, igesi ye-chlorine kunye ne-chloride zidlakadlaka kakhulu kwii-alloys eziqhelekileyo, zenze i-iron chloride kwaye ilahleke ngokukhawuleza kwisinyithi.
Isisombululo:I-Alloy 28 cladding (high Ni, Mo, Cr) iyamelana nohlaselo lwe-chlorine. I-T91 core igcina uxinzelelo lwebhoyila luqinile. Abaqhubi baxela ukuba ubomi beetyhubhu bunyuke ukusuka kwiminyaka eli-1 ukuya kwemi-2 ukuya kwiminyaka emi-6-8 emva kokutshintshela kwiityhubhu ezivaliweyo.

5.4 Izitshintshi zobushushu obuphezulu zeeHydrocarbons zeChlorin

Umzekelo:Kwizityalo ze-vinyl chloride monomer (VCM), iigesi zenkqubo ziqulathe i-chlorinated organics kunye ne-HCl kwi-400-450°C. Intsimbi engatyiwayo eqhelekileyo (304L) iyasilela ngokufakwa kwe-pitting kunye ne-SCC. I-Alloy 28 cladding inika ukumelana okuphezulu. I-T91 core inika amandla afunekayo kunye nokumelana nokuqhekeka.

6. Iingenelo ngaphezu koyilo olukhuphisanayo

Enye indlela	Kutheni i-T91+Alloy 28 ingcono
Ityhubhu ye-T91 eqinileyo	Isengozini yokufuma kwe-asidi, ukubetha kwemingxuma, kunye nokuhlaselwa yi-chloride. Itshintshwa rhoqo.
Ityhubhu ye-Solid Alloy 28	Ibiza kakhulu; amandla aphantsi okuvelisa anyanzela udonga olujiyileyo, nto leyo enyusa iindleko kunye nobunzima.
I-T91 ene-weld overlay ye-Alloy 28	Ukugquma kuyabiza kakhulu, kuyacotha, kwaye kunzima ukukufaka ngokulinganayo kwiityhubhu ezincinci; kunokwenzeka ukuba i-alloy inyibilike. Ukukhupha kunika i-cladding efanayo ngexabiso eliphantsi.
Umbhobho ofakwe ngoomatshini	I-Liner iyawa phantsi kobushushu obuqhelekileyo (njengeebhoyila) – ayamkelekanga xa isetyenziswa kubushushu obuphezulu.
Umbhobho ogqunywe nge-alloy 625	I-Alloy 625 ibiza kakhulu kune-Alloy 28 kwaye isenokuchazwa ngokugqithisileyo kwiindawo ezininzi ezine-asidi. I-Alloy 28 ibonelela ngebhalansi yokusebenza kweendleko egqwesileyo.

Ukonga iindleko:Xa ithelekiswa nombhobho oqinileyo we-Alloy 28 onesilinganiso esifanayo soxinzelelo, umbhobho ogqunywe yi-T91+Alloy 28 unciphisa iindleko zezinto zokwakha nge50-60%(kuba i-T91 inamandla aphezulu, ivumela udonga oluncinci, kwaye i-alloy isetyenziswa kuphela njenge-liner encinci).

7. Uqinisekiso loMgangatho kunye nokulandelelwa

●Ukulandeleka:Zombini ii-T91 kunye ne-Alloy 28 heats ziyarekhodwa kwaye zigximfizwe kwityhubhu nganye egqityiweyo. Zonke izatifikethi zomthengisi (3.1) ziyagcinwa.

● Ulawulo lwenkqubo:Ubushushu bokukhupha amanzi, isantya sokukhupha amanzi, iitshathi zonyango lobushushu, iiparameter zokuhlamba nge-pickling zonke zibhaliwe.

● Uhlolo lomntu wesithathu:Silungiselela ubungqina be-SGS, BV, DNV, TÜV, okanye ABS nakweyiphi na inqanaba (ukwamkelwa kwezinto, ukukhutshwa, i-NDT yokugqibela). Izatifikethi ze-EN 10204 Type 3.2 zikhutshwe ngokufanelekileyo.

8. Ukupakishwa kunye nokuthunyelwa

●Imeko yomphezulu:Ifakwe i-pickle kwaye ingasetyenziswa – ilungele ukufakwa. Ukuthambisa ngeoyile yangaphandle akunyanzelekanga.

●Ukhuseleko lokugqibela:Iikhaphu zeplastiki (iikhaphu zentsimbi ziyafumaneka kwiidayamitha ezinkulu).

●Iphakheji:Iidayamitha ezincinci (<88.9 mm) kwiibhanti zehex ezinee-spacers zokhuni. Iidayamitha ezinkulu zibekwe ngokwahlukeneyo.

●Isikhongozeli:Izikhongozeli ezingama-20' okanye ezingama-40'. Ukuba ubude bungaphezulu kwe-12 m, vula i-top okanye i-flat rack.

●Ixesha lokukhokhela:I-oda yokuqala ithatha iiveki ezili-16-20 (ngenxa yokufumana i-alloy ekhethekileyo). Phinda ii-odolo iiveki ezili-12-14. Iibhetshi zovavanyo (100 200 m) zinokuba zikhawuleza - buza.

9. Imibuzo Ebuzwa Rhoqo (FAQ) – T91+Alloy 28 Clad Pipe

Umbuzo 1: Lithini iqondo lobushushu eliphezulu lenkonzo yale mbhobho igqunyiweyo?
A: Isiseko se-T91 silinganiswe kumaqondo obushushu esinyithi ukuya kuthi ga kwi650°C(1202°F) ngokweCandelo I le-ASME (amandla okurhubuluza alawula). I-Alloy 28 cladding inokumelana nobushushu obufanayo, kodwa ukumelana kwayo nokugqwala kunokuncipha ngaphezulu kwe-450°C ukuba indawo engqongileyo igqwala kakhulu. Kwiinkqubo ezininzi zebhoyila (600-620°C), zombini ziyamkeleka.

Umbuzo 2: Ngaba i-Alloy 28 ifanelekile kwiizinga eziphezulu ze-sulfuric acid?
A: Ewe. I-Alloy 28 ibonakalisa ukumelana okuhle kakhulu ne-sulfuric acid ukuya kuthi ga kwi-80% yoxinzelelo kunye namaqondo obushushu afikelela kwi-80°C. Kwiibhoyila zobushushu obumdaka, i-acid condensate idla ngokuba yi-60-70% H₂SO₄ ngaphantsi kwe-200°C - I-Alloy 28 isebenza kakuhle kakhulu.

Umbuzo 3: Ngaba singazibuyisela umva iileya – sibeke i-Alloy 28 kwi-OD kunye ne-T91 kwi-ID?
A: Ewe, ukuba ingozi yokugqwala ivela ngaphandle (umz., igesi yolwelo yangaphandle). Singavelisa umbhobho ogqunyiweyo onomaleko we-CRA kububanzi obungaphandle. Nceda uchaze indlela ojongwa ngayo ngokomyalelo.

Umbuzo 4: Ngaba wenza uvavanyo lokuxinana okanye lokuqhekeka kobushushu obuphezulu?
A: Asizibandakanyi rhoqo, kodwa singalungiselela iisampuli ezincinci ezithathwe kwityhubhu ekhutshiweyo (ezonakalisayo) ngexabiso elongezelelweyo. Kwiimvavanyo zokuqhekeka ezibonwe ngumntu wesithathu, nceda uvumele ixesha elongezelelweyo (iiveki ezi-4-6) kunye neendleko.

Umbuzo 5: Yeyiphi intsimbi yokuzalisa ekufuneka isetyenziswe ekudibaniseni ipayipi ye-T91+Alloy 28 egqunywe nge-clad?
A: Kwi-root pass (ukugquma ukuya kwi-cladding), sebenzisa i-Alloy 625 (ERNiCrMo-3) okanye i-Alloy 59 filler. Kwi-filling pass (core T91 ukuya kwi-T91), sebenzisa i-T91 filler efanayo (E9015-B9 okanye efanayo). Sicebisa inkqubo yokuwelda efanelekileyo (i-WPS) kwi-field joint nganye; i-Womic inokubonelela ngesampulu ye-WPS xa iceliwe.

Umbuzo 6: Ngaba i-Alloy 28 cladding iyahambelana ne-NACE MR0175 kwinkonzo emuncu?
A: Ewe. I-Alloy 28 (UNS N08028) idweliswe kwi-NACE MR0175 / ISO 15156 ukuya kuthi ga kwi-450°C kwiindawo ezimuncu. Ayinakumelana ne-SSC kunye ne-HIC. Ingasetyenziswa kuxinzelelo oluphezulu lwe-H₂S.

Umbuzo 7: Ingaba umbhobho ogqunyiweyo uyafumaneka oneziphelo ezibekiweyo kunye ne-CRA botering?
A: Ewe. I-engile ye-bevel eqhelekileyo engama-30-35° kunye nokufika kwe-1.6 mm. Singayifaka umaleko webhotolo (i-Alloy 28 okanye i-Alloy 625) ebusweni be-bevel, malunga ne-2-3 mm ubukhulu, ukuthintela ukuxinana kwe-cladding ngexesha lokuwelda kwentsimi.

Umbuzo 8: Zithini ii-OD eziqhelekileyo kunye nobukhulu bodonga kwiityhubhu zebhoyila ze-biomass?
A: I-OD eqhelekileyo yi-51-76 mm, i-core WIT yi-5-8 mm, i-cladding yi-2-2.5 mm. Nceda unxibelelane nathi ngeemfuno zakho zobukhulu obuthile.

Umbuzo 9: Ngaba ukuthuthwa kwekhabhoni ukusuka kwi-T91 ukuya kwi-Alloy 28 ngexesha lokukhupha kuyingxaki?
A: Hayi. Inkqubo yokukhupha izinto yakha indawo encinci kakhulu yokusasazwa kwezinto (ngesiqhelo i-5-10 μm). Ulwakhiwo lwe-Alloy 28 luhlala ngaphakathi kweenkcukacha; siyaqinisekisa nge-PMI. Umngcipheko wokuziva ukhululekile awunamsebenzi.

Umbuzo 10: Ngaba ungasinika izatifikethi ze-EN 10204 Type 3.2 zale mbhobho igqunyiweyo?
A: Ewe. Singalungiselela ukuhlolwa ngumntu wesithathu yi-TÜV, i-BV, i-DNV, okanye i-SGS. Nceda ubonise ixesha loku-odola.